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ITU Internet Reports 2005:The Internet of Things.doc
自 1997 年起，国际电联发起了名为“对网络的挑战”互联网系列报告，本次报告《国
际电信联盟 ITU 互联网报告 2005：物联网》是该系列之七。 本报告由国际电联的战略和政
策团队所写，报告所关注的是下一步通信中的新技术，如无限射频识别（RFID）和互连的
网络设备的智能计算。 从轮胎到牙刷，各类物体在不久的将来会实现相互通信，这预示着
一个新时代的黎明，也许就是今天的互联网让位于明天的互联网该报告共六章，具体内容如
下：
第一章，介绍物联网及其关键技术，如无处不在的网络，下一代网络，无处不在的计算。
第二章，应用技术，研究了将驱动物联网未来的技术，包括无线互联网，射频识别
（RFID），传感器技术，智能物体，纳米技术和小型化;
第三章，塑造市场，探讨了这些市场的技术潜力，以及抑制市场增长的因素，着眼于说
明在特定的行业中物联网将改变传统的商业模式;
第四章，新挑战，思索着障碍走向 标准化和事物互联网的更广泛影响的 社会，例如增
加对隐私权的关注;
第五章，世界发展中的机遇，提出了这些技术可能给发展中国家带来的好处，本身也成
为导致用户和市场的驱动因素;
第六章，用大框图将所有因素联系在一起，并得出未来 10 年我们的生活方式将发生怎
样的改变。
About the Report.................................................................................... 1
1 What is the Internet of Things?.............................................................. 2
2 Technologies for the Internet of Things................................................. 3
3 Market Opportunities............................................................................. 6
4 Challenges and Concerns....................................................................... 8
5 Implications for the Developing World ................................................. 10
6 2020: A Day in the Life ......................................................................... 12
7 A New Ecosystem.................................................................................. 13
Table of Contents................................................................................... 16
About the Report
“ The Internet of Things” is the seventh in the series of ITU Internet Reports originally
launched in 1997 under the title “Challenges to the Network”. This edition has been specially
prepared for the second phase of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), to be held
in Tunis, 16-18 November 2005.
Written by a team of analysts from the Strategy and Policy Unit (SPU) of ITU, the report
takes a look at the next step in “always on” communications, in which new technologies like
radio-frequency identification (RFID) and smart computing promise a world of networked and
interconnected devices. Everything from tyres to toothbrushes might soon be in communications
range, heralding the dawn of a new era; one in which today’s Internet (of data and people) gives
way to tomorrow’s Internet of Things.
The report consists of six chapters as follows:
Chapter one, Introducing the Internet of Things, explores the key technical visions
underlying the Internet of Things, such as ubiquitous networks, next-generation networks and
ubiquitous computing;
Chapter two, Enabling Technologies, examines the technologies that will drive the future
Internet of Things, including radio-frequency identification (RFID), sensor technologies, smart
things, nanotechnology and miniaturization;
Chapter three, Shaping the Market, explores the market potential of these technologies, as
well as factors inhibiting market growth. It looks at new business models in selected industries to
illustrate how the Internet of Things is changing the way firms do business;
Chapter four, Emerging Challenges, contemplates the hurdles towards standardization and
the wider implications of the Internet of Things for society, such as growing concerns over
privacy;
Chapter five, Opportunities for the Developing World, sets out some of the benefits these
technologies offer to developing countries that may themselves become lead users and drivers of
the market;
Chapter six, The Big Picture, draws these threads together and concludes on how our
lifestyles may be transformed over the next decade. The Statistical annex presents the latest data
and charts for more than 200 economies worldwide in their use of ICTs.
This Executive Summary, published separately, provides a synopsis of the full report, which
the catalogue price of CHF 100) on the ITU website at
is available for purchase (at
www.itu.int/publications under General Secretariat.
1 What is the Internet of Things?
Over a decade ago, the late Mark Weiser developed a seminal vision of future technological
ubiquity one in which the increasing “availability of processing power would be accompanied by
its decreasing visibility
We are standing on the brink of a new ubiquitous computing and communication era, one that
will radically transform our corporate, community, and personal spheres. Over a decade ago, the
late Mark Weiser developed a seminal vision of future technological ubiquity – one in which the
increasing “availability” of processing power would be accompanied by its decreasing “visibility”.
As he observed, “the most profound technologies are those that disappear…they weave
themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it”. Early forms of
ubiquitous information and communication networks are evident in the widespread use of mobile
phones: the number of mobile phones worldwide surpassed 2 billion in mid-2005. These little
gadgets have become an integral and intimate part of everyday life for many millions of people,
even more so than the internet.
Today, developments are rapidly under way to take this phenomenon an important step
further, by embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and
everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between
things themselves. A new dimension has been added to the world of
information and
communication technologies (ICTs): from anytime, any place connectivity for anyone, we will
now have connectivity for anything (Figure 1).
Connections will multiply and
create an entirely new dynamic network
of networks – an Internet of Things. The
Internet of Things is neither science
fiction nor industry hype, but is based
on solid technological advances and
visions of network ubiquity that are
zealously being realized.
2 Technologies for the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing
and communications, and its development depends on dynamic technical innovation in a number
of important fields, from wireless sensors to nanotechnology.
internet)
–
and
First,
in order
to connect
everyday objects and devices to
large databases and networks – and
indeed to the network of networks
a
(the
simple,
unobtrusive
cost-effective
system of
item identification is
crucial. Only then can data about
things be collected and processed.
identification
Radio-frequency
(RFID) offers
functionality.
Second, data collection will benefit
from the ability to detect changes in
the physical status of things, using sensor technologies. Embedded intelligence in the things
themselves can further enhance the power of the network by devolving information processing
capabilities to the edges of the network. Finally, advances in miniaturization and nanotechnology
mean that smaller and smaller things will have the ability to interact and connect (Figure 2). A
combination of all of these developments will create an Internet of Things that connects the
world’s objects in both a sensory and an intelligent manner.
this
Indeed, with the benefit of integrated information processing,
industrial products and
everyday objects will take on smart characteristics and capabilities. They may also take on
electronic identities that can be queried remotely, or be equipped with sensors for detecting
physical changes around them. Eventually, even particles as small as dust might be tagged and
networked. Such developments will turn the merely static objects of today into newly dynamic
things, embedding intelligence in our environment, and stimulating the creation of innovative
products and entirely new services.
information about
RFID technology, which uses radio waves to identify items, is seen as one of the pivotal
enablers of the Internet of Things. Although it has sometimes been labelled as the next-generation
of bar codes, RFID systems offer much more in that they can track items in real-time to yield
important
their location and status. Early applications of RFID include
automatic highway toll collection, supply-chain management (for large retailers), pharmaceuticals
(for
the prevention of counterfeiting) and e-health (for patient monitoring). More recent
applications range from sports and leisure (ski passes) to personal security (tagging children at
schools). RFID tags are even being implanted under human skin for medical purposes, but also for
VIP access to bars like the Baja Beach Club in Barcelona. E-government applications such as
RFID in drivers’ licences, passports or cash are under consideration. RFID readers are now being
embedded in mobile phones. Nokia, for instance, released its RFID-enabled phones for businesses
with workforces in the field in mid-2004 and plans to launch consumer handsets by 2006.
The Internet of Things is a technological revolution that represents the future of
computing and communications, and its development depends on dynamic technical
innovation in a number of important fields, from wireless sensors to nanotechnology.
for
is also essential
In addition to RFID, the ability to
detect changes in the physical status of
things
recording
changes in the environment. In this regard,
sensors play a pivotal role in bridging the
gap between the physical and virtual
worlds, and enabling things to respond to
changes in their physical environment.
Sensors
from their
environment, generating information and
raising awareness about context. For
example, sensors in an electronic jacket
can collect information about changes in external temperature and the parameters of the jacket can
be adjusted accordingly.
collect
data
Embedded intelligence in things themselves will further enhance the power of the
network.
Embedded intelligence in things themselves will distribute processing power to the edges of
the network, offering greater possibilities for data processing and increasing the resilience of the
network.This will also empower things and devices at the edges of the network to take
independent decisions. “Smart things” are difficult to define, but imply a certain processing power
and reaction to external stimuli. Advances in smart homes, smart vehicles and personal robotics
are some of the leading areas. Research on wearable computing (including wearable mobility
vehicles) is swiftly progressing. Scientists are using their imagination to develop new devices and
appliances, such as intelligent ovens that can be controlled through phones or the internet, online
refrigerators and networked blinds (Figure 3).
The Internet of Things will draw on the functionality offered by all of these technologies to
realize the vision of a fully interactive and responsive network environment.
3 Market Opportunities
The technologies of
immense potential
the Internet of Things offer
to consumers,
manufacturers and firms. However, for these ground-breaking innovations to grow from idea to
specific product or application for the mass market, a difficult process of commercialization is
required, involving a wide array of players including standard development organizations, national
research centres, service providers, network operators, and lead users (Figure 4).
From their original inception and throughout the R&D phase, new ideas and technologies
must find champions to take them to the production phase. The time to market, too, requires key
“lead users” that can push the innovation forward. To date, the technologies driving the Internet of
Things are notable for the strong involvement of the private sector, e.g. through industry fora and
consortia. Yet public sector involvement is growing, through national strategies for technical
development (e.g. nanotechnology) and in sector-specific investments in healthcare, defence or
education.
RFID is the most mature of the enabling technologies with established standardization
protocols and commercial applications reaching the wider market. The global market for RFID
products and services is growing fast, with sizeable revenues of between USD 1.5-1.8 billion by
2004. However, this is dwarfed by the total revenues expected over the medium- to long-term,
with the spread of smart cards and RFID in all kinds of consumer products, including mobile
phones.
Changing business strategies is the name of the game…
Wireless sensor networks are widely used in industries such as automotive, homeland
security, medical, aerospace, home automation, remote monitoring, structural and environmental
monitoring. Estimates of their market potential vary (partly due to different definitions), but
analysts forecast that as their unit price falls, the number of units deployed will grow significantly.
Meanwhile, robotics is expanding into new markets. At present, the market share of industrial
robotics is larger than that of personal and service robotics, but this is set to change, as the
personal robotics segment is expected to lead future market growth.
Changing business strategies is the name of the game, in particular in the retail, automotive
and telecommunication industries. Firms are embracing the underlying technologies of the Internet
of Things to optimize their internal processes, expand their traditional markets and diversify into
new businesses.
4 Challenges and Concerns
Building on the potential benefits offered by the Internet of Things poses a number of
challenges, not only due to the nature of the enabling technologies but also to the sheer scale of
their deployment. Technological standardization in most areas is still in its infancy, or remains
fragmented. Not surprisingly, managing and fostering rapid innovation is a challenge for
governments and industry alike. Standardization is essential for the mass deployment and
diffusion of any technology. Nearly all commercially successful technologies have undergone
some process of standardization to achieve mass market penetration. Today’s internet and mobile
phones would not have thrived without standards such as TCP/IP and IMT-2000.
Successful standardization in RFID was initially achieved through the Auto-ID Center and
now by EPC Global. However, efforts are under way in different forums (ETSI, ISO, etc...) and
there have been calls for the increased involvement of ITU in the harmonization of RFID
protocols. Wireless sensor networks have received a boost through the work of the ZigBee
Alliance, among others. By contrast, standards in nanotechnology and robotics are far more
fragmented, with a lack of common definitions and a wide variety of regulating bodies.
One of the most important challenges in convincing users to adopt emerging technologies is
the protection of data and privacy. Concerns over privacy and data protection are widespread,
particularly as sensors and smart tags can track users’ movements, habits and ongoing preferences.
When everyday items come equipped with some or all of the five senses (such as sight and smell)
combined with computing and communication capabilities, concepts of data request and data
consent risk becoming outdated. Invisible and constant data exchange between things and people,
and between things and other things, will occur unknown to the owners and originators of such
data. The sheer scale and capacity of the new technologies will magnify this problem. Who will
ultimately control the data collected by all the eyes and ears embedded in the environment
surrounding us?
Public concerns and active campaigns by consumers have already hampered commercial
trials of RFID by two well-known retailers. To promote a more widespread adoption of the
technologies underlying the Internet of Things, principles of
informed consent, data
confidentiality and security must be safeguarded. Moreover, protecting privacy must not be
limited to technical solutions, but encompass regulatory, market-based and socio-ethical
considerations (Figure 5). Unless there are concerted efforts involving all government, civil
society and private sector players to protect these values, the development of the Internet of
Things will be hampered if not prevented. It is only through awareness of these technological
advances, and the challenges they present, that we can seize the future benefits of a fair and
user-centric Internet of Things.
When everyday items come equipped with some or all of the five senses… combined
with computing and communication capabilities, concepts of data request and data consent
risk becoming outdated.
5 Implications for the Developing World
The technologies discussed in this report are not just the preserve of industrialized countries.
These technologies have much to offer for the developing world and can lead to tangible
applications in, inter alia, medical diagnosis and treatment, cleaner water, improved sanitation,
energy production, the export of commodities and food security.
In line with the global commitment
to achieving the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) focuses on ICT development
through the creation of national e-strategies, the guarantee of universal, ubiquitous, equitable and
affordable access to technology and the wider dissemination and sharing of information and
knowledge. WSIS commitments go far beyond technological diffusion – there is a pledge for
common action towards poverty alleviation, the enhancement of human potential and overall
development through communication technologies and related emerging technologies. In this
regard, the technologies underlying the Internet of Things offer many potential benefits.
One does not have to look far to find examples. In the production and export of commodities,
sensor technologies are being used to test the quality and purity of different products, such as
coffee in Brazil and beef in Namibia. RFID has been used to track shipments of beef to the
European Union to verify their origin, integrity and handling – essential given present trends in
food tracability standards. Such applications help ensure the quality and market expansion of
commodities from developing countries.
The enabling technologies of the Internet of Things have much to offer developing
countries in their goals for improving quality of life
The enabling technologies of the Internet of Things have much to offer developing countries
in their goals for improving quality of life.Nanofilters in Bangladesh are removing pollutants and
ensuring that water is safe to drink. Nano-sensors can be used to monitor water quality at reduced
cost, while nanomembranes can assist in the treatment of wastewater. Research is under way to
apply nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, including the diagnosis of HIV
and AIDS, as well as nano-drugs for other diseases. Emerging technologies could also improve the
quality and reliability of conventional drugs for the developing world: RFID, for example, can
track the origin of safe drugs thereby reducing counterfeit.
Sensor technologies can monitor vulnerable environments and prevent or limit natural
disasters. Extensive and effective systems are needed to ensure early warning and evacuation,
thereby reducing loss of life due to natural disasters. Special robots have for instance been used
for mine detection to save lives and limbs in conflict zones. Commercial applications are already
being
deployed in countries like India, Thailand and Turkey, among others.
Next-generation communication technologies may well originate in the larger growth
markets of the developing world – China and India, in particular. The substantial research
programmes currently being undertaken by these developing giants mean that the implementation
of the Internet of Things will be adapted to local conditions and circumstances, as well as to
international trade. Wal-Mart, for instance, now requires its suppliers to be RFID-compliant. In
2002, Wal-Mart sourced billions of dollars worth of products from China, i.e. around 12% of the
total value of US imports from China during that year. Not surprisingly, China is rapidly preparing
itself to become a leader in RFID deployment. Far from being passive followers of the Internet of
Things, the developing world stands to greatly influence the implementation and widespread
adoption of these emerging technologies.
6 2020: A Day in the Life
But what does the Internet of Things mean in a practical sense for a citizen of the future? Let
us imagine for a moment a day in the life of Rosa, a 23-year-old student from Spain, in the year
2020.
Rosa has just quarrelled with her boyfriend and needs a little time to herself. She decides to
drive secretly to the French Alps in her smart Toyota to spend a weekend at a ski resort. But it
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