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file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm Assembly Language: Step-by-Step Jeff Duntemann file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm (1 of 23) [9/30/02 08:15:26 PM]

file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto • Singapore This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Copyright © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm (2 of 23) [9/30/02 08:15:27 PM]

file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm For Kathleen M. Duntemann, Godmother ... who gave me books when all I could do was put teeth marks in It was a good investment. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is a policy of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. to have books of enduring value published in the United States printed on acid- free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duntemann, Jeff. 1952 - Assembly language : step-by-step / Jeff Duntemann. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-471-57814-2 (paper : alk. paper) 1. Assembler language (Computer program file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm (3 of 23) [9/30/02 08:15:27 PM]

file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm language) QA76.73.A8D87 1992 005.265-dc20 I. Title. 92-16665 CIP Printed in the United States of America 93 10 9876543 Introduction: Agony in the Key of AX What astonishes me about learning how to program is not that it's so hard, but that it's so easy. Am I nuts? Hardly. It's just that my curse is the curse of a perfect memory, and I remember piano lessons. My poor mother paid $600 in 1962 for a beautiful cherrywood spinet, and every week for two years I trucked off to Wilkins School of Music for a five dollar lesson. It wasn't that I was a reluctant student; I love music and I genuinely wanted to master the damned thing. But after two years, the best I could do was play "Camelot" well enough to keep the dog from howling. I can honestly say that nothing I ever tried file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm (4 of 23) [9/30/02 08:15:27 PM]

file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm and failed to achieve after that (including engineering school and sailboarding) was anything close to that difficult. That's why I say: if you can play the piano, you can learn to program in assembly language. Even if you can't play the piano, I hold that you can learn to program in assembly language, if: • You've ever done your own long-form taxes • You've earned a degree in medicine, law, or engineering • You've ever put together your kid's swing set • You've ever cooked a five-course dinner for eight and gotten everything to the table, hot, at all the right times Still, playing the piano is the acid test. There are a lot more similarities than there are differences. To wit: In both cases, you sit down in front of a big expensive machine with a keyboard. You try to memorize a system of notation that seems to have originated on Mars. You press the keys according to incomprehensible instructions in stacks of books. Ultimately, you sit there and grit your teeth while making so many mistakes your self-confidence dribbles out of your pores and disappears into the carpet padding. In many cases, it gets so bad that you hurl the books against the wall and stomp off to play Yahtzee with your little brother. The differences are fewer: mistakes committed while learning assembly language won't make the dog howl. And, more crucially, what takes years of agony in front of a piano can be done in a couple of months in front of your average PC. Furthermore, I'll do my best to help. That's what this book is for: to get you started as an assembly-language programmer from a dead stop. I'll assume that you know how to run your machine. That is, I won't go through all that nonsense about flipping the big red switch and inserting a disk in a drive and holding down the Ctrl key while pressing the C key. Van Wolverton can teach you all that stuff. On the other hand, I won't assume that you know anything about programming, nor very much about what happens inside the box itself. That means the first few sections will be the kind of necessary groundwork that will start you nodding off if you've been through it already. There's no helping that. Skip to Section 3 or so if you get bored. I also have to come clean here and admit that this book is not intended to be a complete tutorial on assembly language, or even close to it. What I want to do is get you familiar enough with the jargon and the assumptions of assembly language so that you can pick up your typical "introduction" to assembly language and not get lost by page 6. I specifically recommend Tom Swan's excellent book, Mastering Turbo Assembler, which will take file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm (5 of 23) [9/30/02 08:15:27 PM]

file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm you the rest of the way if you use Borland's assembler. A comparable book devoted to Microsoft's MASM has not yet been written, but even if you use MASM, Tom's book will still be valuable and you'll learn a lot from it. Mastering Turbo Assembler can occasionally be found in bookstores, or you can order it by mail through PC TECHNIQUES Bookstream. Assembly language is almost certainly the most difficult kind of computer programming, but keep in mind that we're speaking in relative terms here. Five pushups are harder to do than five jumping jacks—but compared to running the Marathon, both amount to almost nothing. Assembly language is more difficult to learn than Pascal, but compared to raising your average American child from birth to five years, it's a cakewalk. So don't let the mystique get you. Assembly-language programmers feel pretty smug about what they've learned to do, but in our workaday lives we are forced to learn and do things that put even assembly language to shame. If you're willing to set aside a couple months' worth of loose moments, you can pick it up too. Give it a shot. Your neighbors will thank you. And so will the dog. —-Jeff Duntemann Scottsdale, AZ March 1992 A Note to People Who Have Never Programmed Before More than anyone else, this book was written for you. Starting with assembly language would not be most people's first choice in a computer language, but it's been done; it can be done, and it can be done with less agony than you might think. Still, it's a novel aim for a computer book, and I'd like you to do a little quality control for me and tell me how I'm doing. While you're going through this book, ask yourself once in a while: is it working? And if file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm (6 of 23) [9/30/02 08:15:27 PM]

file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm not, why not? If I lose you somewhere in the discussion, jot a note in the margin. Tell me where I lost you. If possible, tell me why. (And saying, "I just don't get it" is perfectly acceptable, as long as you tell me where in the book you were when you started not to get it.) As with all my books, I hope to keep this one in print well into the 21st century, revising it as need be to hone my technique and follow the technology. Telling me how the book works or doesn't work will, in time, help me make a better book. Write to me at: Jeff Duntemann PC TECHNIQUES Magazine 7721 E. Gray Road #204 Scottsdale, A2 85260 I can't reply individually to all letters, (not if I ever intend to get another book written!) but you'll have my eternal gratitude nonetheless. How to Get the Most from this Book By design, this is a serial-access book. I wrote it to be read like one of those bad/wonderful novels, starting at page one and moving right along to the end. Virtually all of the chapters depend on the chapters that came before them, and if you read a chapter here and a chapter there, there's some danger that the whole thing won't gel. If you're already familiar with programming, you could conceivably skip Chapters 0,1, and 2. But why not assume there's a hole or two in parts of your experience and a little rust on the rest? Skill is not simply knowledge, but the resonance that comes of seeing how different facets of knowledge reinforce one another. Do it all. Get the big picture. (Keep in mind that I've hidden some funny stories in there as bait!) file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm (7 of 23) [9/30/02 08:15:27 PM]

file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm Contents Chapter 0 Another Pleasant Valley Saturday Understanding What Computers Really Do 0.1 It's All in the Plan 2 0.2 Had This Been the Real Thing... 5 0.3 Do Not Pass GO 5 Chapter 1 Alien Bases 13 Getting Your Arms around Binary and Hexadecimal 1. 1 The Return of the New Math Monster 14 1.2 Counting in Martian 14 1.3 Octal: How the Grinch Stole 8 and 9 19 1.4 Hexadecimal: Solving the Digit Shortage 22 1.5 From Hex to Decimal and From Decimal to Hex 25 1.6 Arithmetic in Hex 29 1.7 Binary 34 1.8 Hexadecimal as Shorthand for Binary 38 Chapter 2 Lifting The Hood 41 Discovering What Computers Actually Are 2.1 RAXie, We Hardly Knew Ye... 42 2.2 Switches, Transistors, and Memory 43 2.3 The Shop Foreman and the Assembly Line 53 2.4 The Box that Follows a Plan 58 Chapter 3 The Right To Assemble 63 The Process of Making Assembly-Language Programs 3.1 Nude with Bruises and Other Perplexities 64 3.2 DOS and DOS Files 65 3.3 Compilers and Assemblers 71 3.4 The Assembly-Language Development Process 79 file:///E|/TEMP/Assembly%20LanguageChapt%200.htm (8 of 23) [9/30/02 08:15:27 PM]

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