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Computational Fluid Dynamics A Practical Approach.pdf
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Copyright
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction
What is computational fluid dynamics?
Advantages of computational fluid dynamics
Application of computational fluid dynamics
As a Research Tool
As an Educational Tool in Basic Thermal-Fluid Science
As a Design Tool
Aerospace
Automotive Engineering
Biomedical Science and Engineering
Chemical and Mineral Processing
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Metallurgy
Nuclear Safety
Power Generation
Sports
The future of computational fluid dynamics
Summary
Review questions
CFD Solution Procedure-A Beginning
Introduction
Shareware CFD
Commercial CFD
Problem setup-pre-process
Creation of Geometry-Step 1
Mesh Generation-Step 2
Selection of Physics and Fluid Properties-Step 3
Specification of Boundary Conditions-Step 4
Numerical solution-CFD solver
Initialization and Solution Control-Step 5
Monitoring Convergence-Step 6
Result Report and Visualization-Post-process
X-Y Plots
Vector Plots
Contour Plots
Other Plots
Data Report and Output
Animation
Summary
Review questions
Governing Equations for CFD-Fundamentals
Introduction
The continuity equation
Mass Conservation
Physical Interpretation
Comments
The momentum equation
Force Balance
Physical Interpretation
Comments
The energy equation
Energy Conservation
Physical Interpretation
Comments
The additional equations for turbulent flow
What Is Turbulence?
k-ε Two-Equation Turbulence Model
Comments
Generic form of the governing equations for cfd
Physical boundary conditions of the governing equations
Summary
Review questions
CFD Techniques-The Basics
Introduction
Discretization of governing equations
Finite-Difference Method
Finite-Volume Method
Finite-Element Method
Spectral Method
Converting governing equations to algebraic equation system
Finite-Difference Method
Finite-Volume Method
Comparison of the Finite-Difference and Finite-Volume Discretizations
Numerical solutions to algebraic equations
Direct Methods
Iterative Methods
Pressure-velocity coupling-``simple´´ scheme
Multi-grid method
Summary
Review questions
CFD Solution Analysis-Essentials
Introduction
Consistency
Stability
Convergence
What Is Convergence?
Residuals and Convergence Tolerance
Convergence Difficulty and Using Under-Relaxation
Accelerating Convergence
Accuracy
Source of Solution Errors
Discretization Error
Round-Off Error
Iteration or Convergence Error
Physical Modeling Error
Human Error
Controlling the Solution Errors
Verification and Validation
Efficiency
Case studies
Test Case A: Channel Flow
Test Case B: Flow over a 90o Bend
Summary
Review questions
Practical Guidelines for CFD Simulation and Analysis
Introduction
Guidelines on grid generation
Structured Mesh
Body-Fitted Mesh
Unstructured Mesh
Comments on Mesh Topology
Guidelines for Grid Quality and Grid Design
Local Refinement and Solution Adaptation
Guidelines for boundary conditions
Overview of Setting Boundary Conditions
Guidelines for Inlet Boundary Conditions
Guidelines for Outlet Boundary Conditions
Guidelines for Wall Boundary Conditions
Guidelines for Symmetry and Periodic Boundary Conditions
Guidelines for turbulence modeling
Overview of Turbulence-Modeling Approaches
Strategy for Selecting Turbulence Models
Near-Wall Treatments
Setting Boundary Conditions
Test Case: Assessment of Two-Equation Turbulence Modeling for Hydrofoil Flows
Summary
Review questions
Some Applications of CFD with Examples
Introduction
To assist in the design process-as a design tool
Indoor Air-Flow Distribution
To enhance understanding-as a research tool
Gas-Particle Flow in a 90o Bend
Other important applications
Heat Transfer Coupled with Fluid Flow
Heat Exchanger
Conjugate and Radiation Heat Transfer11The materials in this section were provided by David Wassink and Mark Ho, wor
A Buoyant Free-Standing Fire
Flow over Vehicle Platoon
Air/Particle Flow in the Human Nasal Cavity
High-Speed Flows
Supersonic Flow over a Flat Plate
Subsonic and Supersonic Flows over a Wing
Summary
Review questions
Some Advanced Topics in CFD
Introduction
Advances in numerical methods and techniques
Incompressible Flows
Compressible Flows
High-Resolution Schemes
Adaptive Meshing
Moving Grids
Multi-Grid Methods
Parallel Computing
Immersed Boundary Methods
Advances in computational models
Direct Numerical Simulation
Large Eddy Simulation LES
RANS-LES Coupling for Turbulent Flows
Multi-Phase Flows
Combustion
Fluid-Structure Interaction
Physiological Fluid Dynamics
Other numerical approaches for CFD
Lattice Boltzmann Method
Monte-Carlo Method
Particle Methods
Discrete Element Method
Summary
Review questions
Full Derivation of ConservationEquations
Upwind Schemes
Explicit and Implicit Methods
Learning Program
Learning Program for a One-Semester CFD Course
Appendix E:
CFD Assignments and Guideline for CFD Project
Assignment 1
Background and Aim
Problem Description
Instructions
Assignment 2
Background and Aim
Problem Description
Single-Car Configuration
Instructions
Drafting Configuration
Instructions
Assignment 3
Background and Aim
Problem Description
Instructions
Project Guideline
Aim
Objectives
Example-CFD Project proposal prepared by the student
Introduction
Scope
Objectives
Other Topics for CFD Projects
CFD Project A: CFD Simulation of Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step
Background
Objectives
Problem Description
Required Discussions
CFD Project B: CFD Simulation of Pickup Trucks with Open/Closed Beds
Background
Objectives
Problem Description
Required Discussions
Addendum
CFD Project C: Investigation of Cooling Electronic Components within a Computer
Background
Objectives
Problem Description
Required Discussions
References
Index
Computational Fluid
Dynamics
A Practical Approach
Second Edition
Jiyuan Tu
RMIT University, Australia
Guan-Heng Yeoh
Australian Nuclear Science
and Technology Organisation
University of New South Wales, Australia
Chaoqun Liu
University of Texas at Arlington
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON
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1
Preface to the First Edition
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), once the domain of academics, postdoc-
toral researchers, or trained specialists, is now progressively becoming more
accessible to graduate engineers for research and development as well as
design-oriented tasks in industry. Mastery of CFD in handling complex flow
and heat industrial problems is becoming ever more important. Competency
in such a skill certainly brings about a steep learning curve for practicing engi-
neers, who constantly face extreme challenges to come up with solutions to
fluid flow and heat transfer problems without a priori knowledge of the basic
concepts and fundamental understanding of fluid mechanics and heat transfer.
Today’s engineers are almost certainly geared more toward the use of com-
mercial CFD codes, such as ANSYS-CFX, ANSYS-FLUENT, or STAR-CD.
Without proper guidance, the use of these software packages poses risks likened
to placing potent weaponry in the hands of poorly trained soldiers. There is
every possibility of users with inadequate training causing more harm than good
through flawed interpretations of results produced through such packages. This
makes it ever more important that a sound knowledge of CFD be acquired. Fur-
thermore, a changing workplace environment has imposed constraints on users
in discerning the pitfalls of CFD by osmosis and through frequent failures. The
number of users who have had the luxury of being fully equipped and who
are conscious of the limitations of CFD from their own experiences is fast
dwindling.
The purpose of this book is to offer CFD users a suitable text pitched at
the right level of assumed knowledge. CFD is a mathematically sophisticated
discipline and the authors’ aim in this book has been to provide simple-to-
understand descriptions of fundamental CFD theories, basic CFD techniques,
and practical guidelines. It has never been our aim to overwhelm the reader
with excessive mathematical and theoretical illustrations of computational
techniques. Every effort has been made to discuss the material in a style to
capture the reader’s attention. The dominant feature of the present book is
to maintain practicality in understanding CFD. In our lecturing experience
on CFD, we have identified what it takes to present elementary concepts to
initiate the student. This book incorporates specially designed intuitive and
systematic worked-out CFD examples to enhance the learning process, and
it provides students with examples for practice to better comprehend the basic
principles. It is hoped that this approach will accomplish the purpose of offer-
ing techniques to beginners who are more focused on the engineering practice
of CFD.
vii
viii
Preface to the First Edition
The basic structure of this book is as follows:
Chapter 1 presents an introduction to computational fluid dynamics and is
specifically designed to provide the reader with an overview of CFD and its
entailed advantages, the range of applications as a research tool on various
facets of industrial problems, and the future use of CFD.
Chapter 2 aims to cultivate a sense of curiosity for the first-time user on how a
CFD problem is currently handled and solved. The reader will benefit through
guidance of these basic processes using any commercial, shareware and in-house
CFD codes. More importantly, Chapter 2 serves as a guidepost for the reader to
other chapters relating to fundamental knowledge of CFD. Chapter 2 has a unique
design compared with many traditional CFD presentations.
The basic thoughts and philosophy associated with CFD, along with an
extensive discussion of the governing equations of fluid dynamics and heat
transfer, are treated in Chapter 3. It is vitally important that the reader can fully
appreciate, understand, and feel comfortable with the basic physical equations
and underlying principles of this discipline, as they are its lifeblood. By work-
ing through the worked-out examples, the reader will have a better understand-
ing of the equations governing the conservation of mass, momentum, and
energy.
Computational solutions are obtained in two stages. The first stage deals
with numerical discretization, which is examined in Chapter 4. Here, the basic
numerics are illustrated with popular discretization techniques, such as the
finite-difference and finite-volume methods (adopted in the majority of com-
mercial codes) for solving flow problems. The second stage deals with the
specific techniques for solving algebraic equations. The pressure–velocity
coupling scheme (SIMPLE and its derivatives) in this chapter forms the infor-
mation core of the book. This scheme invariably constitutes the basis of most
commercial CFD codes through which simulations of complex industrial
problems have been successfully made.
The numerical concepts of stability, convergence, consistency, and accuracy
are discussed in Chapter 5. As an understanding of the fundamental equations of
fluid flow and heat transfer is the essence of CFD, it follows that the understand-
ing of the techniques of achieving a CFD solution is the resultant substantive.
This chapter will enable the reader to better assess the results produced when
different numerical methodologies are applied.
The authors have included turbulence modeling in CFD, a subject not ordi-
narily treated in a book of this nature, but after careful consideration, we have
felt it imperative to include it since real-world applications of CFD are turbu-
lent in nature after all. In Chapter 6, the authors have therefore devised some
practical guidelines for the reader to better comprehend turbulence modeling
and other models commonly applied. The authors have also carefully designed
worked-out examples that will assist students in the understanding of the
complex modeling concept.
Preface to the First Edition
ix
An increasing number of books and journals covering different aspects of
CFD in mathematically abstruse terms are readily available, mainly for special-
ists associated with industry. It follows that it is more helpful to include in
Chapter 7 illustrations of the power of CFD through a set of industrially relevant
applications on a significant range of engineering disciplines. Special efforts
have been made in this chapter to stimulate the inquisitive minds of the reader
through exposition of some pioneering applications.
Although detailed treatment of advanced CFD techniques is usually outside
the scope of a book of this nature, we have offered a general introduction to the
basic concepts in Chapter 8, hoping, in the process, to reap the benefits of whet-
ting the readers’ appetite for more to come in the evolutionary use of CFD in any
new emerging areas of science and engineering.
Jiyuan Tu
Guan-Heng Yeoh
Chaoqun Liu
Preface to the Second Edition
The acceptance of the first edition of our book by the CFD community has
certainly been overwhelming and most welcomed. We were extremely pleased
by the positive feedback received even within the short period since its publi-
cation. In responding to the numerous comments, the second edition aims to
further enhance and update the fast-growing subject of CFD, including signif-
icant developments and important applications. In order not to stray away from
our primary focus of offering CFD users a suitable text that is pitched at the
right level of assumed knowledge, the structure and systematic approach of
the first edition have been retained.
In the treatment of the fundamental physics of fluid flows, we have added
the generic form of the equations pertaining to compressible flows, which are in
retrospect an extension to the incompressible form of the equations for CFD.
At the time of the writing of the first edition, we focused predominantly on
the description of the most popular discretization approaches in CFD, the finite-
difference and finite-volume methods. Recognizing that other discretization
methods, such as the finite-element and spectral methods, are still available
in the mainstream of CFD, we have provided a summary of the basic ideas
underpinning the use of these methods to solve the fluid-flow equations. To
reflect the iterative approach that is also commonly being adopted to solve
systems of discretized equations in commercial CFD codes, we have written
a section in Chapter 4 dedicated to the multi-grid method.
In the first edition, we also identified a number of key sectors where CFD
has been firmly established. They are aerospace, biomedical science and engi-
neering, chemical and mineral processing, civil and environmental engineering,
power generation, and sports. In this second edition, we add the application of
CFD in the areas of metallurgy and nuclear safety. Considering the wide spread
of CFD throughout a number of significant engineering areas, the proper han-
dling of complex geometries becomes ever more important in view of different
types of meshing approaches that can be employed. Discussions on key aspects
of structured, body-fitted, and unstructured meshes have been provided within
the practical guidelines of grid generation.
Finally, an alternative numerical approach based on the discrete element method
has been added to the growing list of advanced topics in CFD. For instructors adopt-
ing this text for use in their courses, solutions to end-of-chapter problems and a set of
PowerPoint slides are available by registering at www.textbooks.elsevier.com.
Jiyuan Tu
Guan-Heng Yeoh
Chaoqun Liu
xi
Acknowledgments
The material presented in this book has been partly accumulated from teaching
the course Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics for senior undergrad-
uate students at the School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engi-
neering at the Royal Melbourne Institute Technology University, Australia, as
well as the course Computational Engineering at the School of Mechanical and
Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. We
thank the students who have taken the course for providing us with feedback
in designing particular project topics and in aiding understanding of the subject.
The authors also thank many research students and colleagues who have
generously assisted us in various ways.
For the first edition, we thank Jonathan Simpson, senior commissioning
editor, and his colleagues at Elsevier Science & Technology who have offered
us immense help in both their academic elucidation and their professional skills
in the publication process. Our special thanks are also given to Dr. Risa
Robinson, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Rochester Insti-
tute of Technology, for reviewing the whole text within a very short period of
time and giving us invaluable suggestions and comments that we have incorpo-
rated in this book.
We thank Joe Hayton and Fiona Geraghty from Elsevier Science and Tech-
nology for initiating and managing the project for the second edition of our
book.
Dr. Tu expresses his deep gratitude to his wife, Xue, and his son, Tian, who
have provided their unflinching support in the preparation and writing of
the text.
Dr. Yeoh acknowledges the untiring support of his wife, Natalie, and his
daughters, Genevieve, Ellana, and Clarissa, and thanks them for their under-
standing and encouragement during the seemingly unending hours spent in pre-
paring and writing.
Dr. Liu acknowledges the strong support and encouragement received from
his wife, Weilan, his daughter, Haiyan, and his son, Haifeng, during the prep-
aration of the text.
To all who have been involved, we extend our deepest, heartfelt appreciation.
xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 WHAT IS COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS?
Computational fluid dynamics has certainly come of age in industrial applica-
tions and academic research. In the beginning, this popular field of study, usually
referred to by its acronym CFD, was only known in the high-technology engineer-
ing areas of aeronautics and astronautics, but now it is becoming a rapidly adopted
methodology for solving complex problems in modern engineering practice.
CFD, which is derived from the disciplines of fluid mechanics and heat transfer,
is also finding its way into important uncharted areas, especially in process, chem-
ical, civil, and environmental engineering. Construction of new and improved
system designs and optimization carried out on existing equipment through com-
putational simulations are resulting in enhanced efficiency and lower operating
costs. With the concerns about global warming and the world’s increasing pop-
ulation, engineers in power-generation industries are heavily relying on CFD to
reduce development and retrofitting costs. These computational studies are cur-
rently being performed to address pertinent issues relating to technologies for
clean and renewable power as well as for meeting strict regulatory challenges,
such as emissions control and substantial reduction of environmental pollutants.
Nevertheless, the basic question remains: What is computational fluid dynam-
ics? In retrospect, it has certainly evolved, integrating not only the disciplines of
fluid mechanics with mathematics but also computer science, as illustrated in
Figure 1.1. Let’s briefly discuss each of these individual disciplines. Fluid
mechanics is essentially the study of fluids, either in motion (fluid in dynamic
mode) or at rest (fluid in stationary mode). CFD is particularly dedicated to
the former, fluids that are in motion, and how the fluid-flow behavior influences
processes that may include heat transfer and possibly chemical reactions in com-
busting flows. This directly applies to the “fluid dynamics” description appearing
in the terminology. Additionally, the physical characteristics of the fluid motion
can usually be described through fundamental mathematical equations, usually in
partial differential form, which govern a process of interest and are often called
governing equations in CFD (see Chapter 3 for more insights). In order to solve
these mathematical equations, computer scientists using high-level computer pro-
gramming languages convert the equations into computer programs or software
packages. The “computational” part simply means the study of the fluid flow
Computational Fluid Dynamics, Second Edition
Copyright # 2013, 2008, Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1
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