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TL_81000_English_2018.03.pdf
Previous issues
Changes
Contents
1 Scope
2 Definitions
3 Symbols and abbreviations
4 General information
4.1 Requirements and terms
4.1.1 Temperature
4.1.2 Run-in time
4.1.3 Test voltage
4.1.4 Test documentation
4.1.5 Function performance status classification (FPSC)
5 Component level
5.1 Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
5.1.1 General requirements for ESD component testing
5.1.1.1 Protection targets
5.1.1.2 Test scope and test severity
5.1.1.3 Test equipment and general test requirements
5.1.2 Tests at assembly level (packaging and handling)
5.1.2.1 Test setup and test conditions
5.1.2.2 Procedure
5.1.3 Tests at system level
5.1.3.1 Test setup and test conditions for tests at system level
5.1.3.2 Procedure for the direct discharge test at system level
5.1.3.3 Procedure for the indirect discharge test at system level
5.1.4 ESD documentation/test documents
5.2 Interference immunity
5.2.1 General requirements for component interference immunity tests
5.2.2 BCI test
5.2.3 Antenna
5.2.4 Stripline
5.2.5 Mobile radio communications test
5.2.6 Magnetic field test
5.2.6.1 General information
5.2.6.2 Magnetic field test requirements
5.3 Interference emission
5.3.1 Overview of emission tests and frequency ranges
5.3.2 Specific interference emission terms, definitions, and abbreviations
5.3.2.1 Short-term interference sources – permanent interference sources
5.3.3 General requirements – HF emissions from component measurements
5.3.3.1 Description of the operating states
5.3.3.2 Standard test conditions
5.3.4 Limit classes
5.3.5 Artificial network (AN test)
5.3.5.1 Test setup
5.3.5.2 Test conditions
5.3.5.3 Requirements
5.3.6 Antennas (RE test)
5.3.6.1 Test setup
5.3.6.2 Test conditions
5.3.6.3 Requirements
5.3.7 Stripline (SL test, optional)
5.3.7.1 Test setup
5.3.7.2 Test conditions
5.3.7.3 Requirements
5.3.8 Clamp-on current probe (CP test, optional)
5.3.8.1 Test setup
5.3.8.2 Test conditions
5.3.8.3 Requirements
5.3.9 Magnetic field coil 12 cm
5.3.9.1 Test setup
5.3.9.2 Test conditions
5.3.9.3 Requirements
5.3.10 Magnetic field coil 60 cm
5.3.10.1 Test setup
5.3.10.2 Test conditions
5.3.10.3 Requirements
5.3.11 Isotropic magnetic field coil 100 cm2
5.3.11.1 Test setup
5.3.11.2 Test conditions
5.3.11.3 Requirements
5.4 Pulse
5.4.1 Test equipment
5.4.1.1 Measuring instrument for voltages
5.4.1.2 Artificial network for 12 V/24 V/42 V/48 V vehicle power supplysystems
5.4.1.3 High-current circuit breaker
5.4.1.3.1 Electronic switch
5.4.1.3.2 Mechanical switch
5.4.1.4 Pulse generator
5.4.1.5 Starter battery/power supply
5.4.1.6 Coupling clamp
5.4.1.7 Ground plane
5.4.1.8 Current injection probe
5.4.2 Pulse forms
5.4.2.1 Test pulse 1
5.4.2.2 Test pulse 2
5.4.2.3 Test pulses 3a and 3b
5.4.2.4 Test pulse 5b
5.4.2.5 Test pulse 6
5.4.3 Functional states
5.4.4 Pulsed interference on supply cables
5.4.4.1 Interference immunity verification test
5.4.4.1.1 Measurement setup
5.4.4.1.2 Test sequence
5.4.4.1.3 Set values
5.4.4.1.4 Notes on interference immunity test
5.4.4.2 Interference emission measurement
5.4.4.2.1 Measurement setup
5.4.4.2.2 Interference emission limits for vehicle power supply systems
5.4.5 Pulsed interference on sensor cables
5.4.5.1 Capacitive coupling clamp
5.4.5.1.1 Setting the test voltage
5.4.5.1.2 Test setup for capacitive coupling clamp
5.4.5.2 Current injection probe (BCI probe)
5.4.5.2.1 Setting the test voltage
5.4.5.2.2 Test setup for current injection probe
5.4.5.3 Basic requirements for input circuitry
5.4.5.4 Interference immunity verification test
5.4.5.4.1 Test and set values
6 Vehicle level
6.1 Interference emission
6.1.1 Frequency range during vehicle measurement
6.1.2 Requirements
6.1.3 Measurement setup
6.1.4 Antennas and related components
6.1.5 Test receiver settings and limits for vehicle measurements
6.2 Interference immunity
6.2.1 Interference immunity test (far field)
6.2.2 Mobile radio communications test with exterior antenna attachedto the vehicle
6.2.3 Mobile radio communications test using portable mobile radiocommunications devices in the vehicle interior
6.2.4 Additional measurements in the free field
6.3 Electrostatic discharge – ESD
6.3.1 General requirements for ESD full vehicle testing
6.3.1.1 Protection targets
6.3.1.2 Test scope and test severity
6.3.1.3 Test equipment and general test requirements
6.3.2 Test setup and test conditions for tests at vehicle level
6.3.3 Procedure for tests at vehicle level
7 Applicable documents
8 Bibliography
Appendix A ESD
A.1 Geometric setup of the ESD coupling structure for indirectdischarges at system level
Appendix B Interference immunity
B.1 Test severity levels for BCI testing
B.2 Conversion of dB(µA) into mA
B.3 Magnetic field – correlation between magnetic field strengthH and magnetic flux density B
Appendix C Emission
C.1 Measurements in the AM range
C.2 Subjective evaluation of interference suppression
C.2.1 Analog radio and TV ranges and radio applications
C.2.2 Digital radio and TV ranges (DAB, DVB-T, etc.)
C.2.3 Long-distance interference suppression
Group standard
TL 81000
Issue 2018-03
Class. No.:
Descriptors:
8MD00
EMC, ESD, electrostatic discharge, immunity, interference immunity, interference emission, pulse
Electromagnetic Compatibility of Electronic Components for Motor Vehicles
EMC changes
Previous issues
TL 965: 2012-04; TL 82066: 2006-11; TL 82166: 2011-01; TL 82366: 2008-02; TL 82466: 2009-06;
TL 82566: 2011-05; TL 81000: 2013-02; TL 81000: 2014-04; TL 81000: 2016-02
Changes
The following changes have been made to TL 81000: 2016-02:
–
Standard completely revised.
Contents
1
2
3
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.2
Page
Scope ......................................................................................................................... 3
Definitions .................................................................................................................. 3
Symbols and abbreviations ........................................................................................ 6
General information .................................................................................................... 7
Requirements and terms ............................................................................................ 7
Temperature ............................................................................................................... 7
Run-in time ................................................................................................................. 7
Test voltage ................................................................................................................ 7
Test documentation .................................................................................................... 7
Function performance status classification (FPSC) ................................................... 8
Component level ........................................................................................................ 9
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) .................................................................................... 9
General requirements for ESD component testing .................................................... 9
Tests at assembly level (packaging and handling) .................................................. 12
Tests at system level ................................................................................................ 14
ESD documentation/test documents ........................................................................ 19
Interference immunity ............................................................................................... 19
Always use the latest version of this standard.
This electronically generated standard is authentic and valid without signature.
The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies, the German version controls.
Technical responsibility
EEIZ
I/EE-25
Tel.: +49 5361 9 17063
Tel.: +49 841 89 90833
Frank Golisch
Dr. Jörn Leopold
Page 1 of 106
The Standards department
K-ILI/5 Dirk Beinker
Tel.: +49 5361 9 32438
K-ILI
Uwe Wiesner
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be provided to third parties or reproduced without the prior consent of one of the Volkswagen Group’s Standards departments.
© Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft
VWNORM-2018-02
Page 2
TL 81000: 2018-03
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.3.9
5.3.10
5.3.11
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
7
8
Appendix A
A.1
Appendix B
B.1
B.2
B.3
Appendix C
General requirements for component interference immunity tests .......................... 19
BCI test .................................................................................................................... 20
Antenna .................................................................................................................... 23
Stripline .................................................................................................................... 26
Mobile radio communications test ............................................................................ 28
Magnetic field test .................................................................................................... 30
Interference emission ............................................................................................... 35
Overview of emission tests and frequency ranges ................................................... 35
Specific interference emission terms, definitions, and abbreviations ....................... 36
General requirements – HF emissions from component measurements ................. 36
Limit classes ............................................................................................................. 38
Artificial network (AN test) ........................................................................................ 38
Antennas (RE test) ................................................................................................... 39
Stripline (SL test, optional) ....................................................................................... 42
Clamp-on current probe (CP test, optional) ............................................................. 44
Magnetic field coil 12 cm .......................................................................................... 46
Magnetic field coil 60 cm .......................................................................................... 51
Isotropic magnetic field coil 100 cm2 ........................................................................ 54
Pulse ........................................................................................................................ 58
Test equipment ........................................................................................................ 58
Pulse forms .............................................................................................................. 61
Functional states ...................................................................................................... 65
Pulsed interference on supply cables ...................................................................... 65
Pulsed interference on sensor cables ...................................................................... 71
Vehicle level ............................................................................................................. 78
Interference emission ............................................................................................... 78
Frequency range during vehicle measurement ........................................................ 78
Requirements ........................................................................................................... 78
Measurement setup ................................................................................................. 79
Antennas and related components .......................................................................... 81
Test receiver settings and limits for vehicle measurements ..................................... 81
Interference immunity ............................................................................................... 83
Interference immunity test (far field) ......................................................................... 84
Mobile radio communications test with exterior antenna attached to the vehicle .... 88
Mobile radio communications test using portable mobile radio communications
devices in the vehicle interior ................................................................................... 90
Additional measurements in the free field ................................................................ 92
Electrostatic discharge – ESD .................................................................................. 92
General requirements for ESD full vehicle testing ................................................... 92
Test setup and test conditions for tests at vehicle level ........................................... 93
Procedure for tests at vehicle level .......................................................................... 93
Applicable documents .............................................................................................. 94
Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 96
ESD .......................................................................................................................... 97
Geometric setup of the ESD coupling structure for indirect discharges at
system level ............................................................................................................. 97
Interference immunity ............................................................................................... 98
Test severity levels for BCI testing ........................................................................... 98
Conversion of dB(µA) into mA .................................................................................. 99
Magnetic field – correlation between magnetic field strength H and magnetic
flux density B ............................................................................................................ 99
Emission ................................................................................................................. 101
Page 3
TL 81000: 2018-03
C.1
C.2
C.2.1
C.2.2
C.2.3
Measurements in the AM range ............................................................................. 101
Subjective evaluation of interference suppression ................................................. 101
Analog radio and TV ranges and radio applications .............................................. 101
Digital radio and TV ranges (DAB, DVB-T, etc.) .................................................... 104
Long-distance interference suppression ................................................................ 106
Scope
1
This Technical Supply Specification (TL) comprises and defines requirements and tests at the
component and vehicle levels that are used to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of
electronic assemblies and systems with respect to:
–
Electrostatic discharges that can directly or indirectly couple into an assembly or into supply
and signal cables (during the installation process, during servicing, or during vehicle opera‐
tion).
–
–
– Radiated interference that can couple into a vehicle's supply and signal cables or into electron‐
ic assemblies and systems.
Pulsed interference on supply cables caused by electrical and electronic components on pow‐
er supply cables or on signal and sensor cables that are directly or indirectly (e.g., via switch
contacts, relay contacts, or valves/actuators/sensors) galvanically connected to power supply
cables.
Pulsed interference on sensor cables; not included in this category are cables that are part of
the power supply and are therefore subject to "pulsed interference on supply cables". In order
to simulate the capacitive coupling of a disturbance into an interference sink, a coupling clamp
is used, and a current injection probe is used in order to simulate inductive coupling. This
makes it possible to achieve repeatable and comparable results.
– Radio interference suppression and the associated limiting of interference emissions from
electrical and electronic vehicle components. The measuring methods and limits must ensure
that the high-frequency receivers operated in the vehicle have interference-free reception. De‐
pending on the radio application in the vehicle, tests must be performed using the special fre‐
quency bands for radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, mobile telephony, and mobile
radio communications between 0.1 MHz and 6.0 GHz. Requirements will be considered met
only after the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group obtains positive results
from the component tests and full vehicle testing (including those in section C.2.3 "Long-dis‐
tance interference suppression"). To a large extent, the measuring methods, measuring condi‐
tions, and measuring setups correspond to those in the international standard CISPR 25 and
are either referenced or have been adopted from the standard with changes. However, the
specifications in this standard take precedence over the specifications in CISPR 25.
– Magnetic fields that are generated.
Definitions
2
Air discharge (for ESD)
Amplitude
Assembly
Component
Test method of quickly bringing the charged test generator electrode
close to the DUT. Discharge takes place by means of sparkover to the
DUT.
Corresponds to the simple peak value or maximum value.
An assembly is an individual component or a combination of components
as supplied by a contractor.
General term for an electronic component, assembly, or system (e.g., elec‐
tronic control unit (ECU), sensor, actuator).
Page 4
TL 81000: 2018-03
Coupling
Coupling clamp
Current injection probe
DUT
Damage
Degradation
Disturbance
Direct discharge (for electrostatic discharge (ESD))
A discharge that is discharged directly onto
Duration of single pulse (td)
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Electromagnetic effects (e.g., fields) on circuits, components,
Contact discharge (for ESD)
Test method of bringing the test generator electrode into contact
with the DUT. Discharge is then initiated by the generator discharge switch.
Coupling is interference on cables caused by the transfer of power from
one cable to another.
A device with defined dimensions and characteristics used for the common
mode coupling of a disturbance to the circuit under test without a galvanic
connection.
A current transformer for coupling a disturbance into the circuit under test
without a galvanic connection to it.
Electronic component, assembly, or system to be tested (device under
test).
One or more functions of the device do not perform as designed during and
after exposure to the disturbance and the device has to be repaired or re‐
placed or, if there is still functional capability, some parameters do not lie
within the specified tolerances.
When a device's operation is impaired in such a way that is not negligible
but still accepted as permissible. Degradation ends when the disturbance
subsides.
the DUT
Electromagnetic quantity that can cause undesirable interference in electri‐
cal equipment. Disturbance serves as a generic term for such terms as in‐
terference voltage, interference current, interfering signal, and interference
energy.
Time interval between the pulse's rise to over 10% of the amplitude
and its subsequent fall below this value.
The ability of electrical equipment to function satisfactorily in
an electromagnetic environment without unduly influencing its environment
(including other equipment).
and systems (e.g., of a vehicle).
The time required to go from 90% to 10% of the amplitude.
Impairment of a device's function to a degree that is no longer permissible
and where the function can only be restored by technical intervention.
This standard uses FPSC as per definition in
ISO 11452-1, ISO 7637-1, and ISO 10605. A detailed description can be
found in section 4.1.5.
Maximum height exceeding the ripple amplitude
Undesirable impairment of a device's operation.
The discharge occurs onto a coupling structure in the vicinity of the
device under test (DUT) and simulates a discharge onto objects that are
near to the DUT or discharges that flow in cables next to DUT cables in the
wiring harness.
Component that can be used for various Group brands.
Disturbance emitted by an interference source.
The ability of electrical equipment to withstand specific disturbances with‐
out malfunctioning.
Non-periodic, brief positive and/or negative disturbance (voltage or current)
between two steady state conditions.
Electrical or electronic equipment whose operation can be influenced by
disturbances.
Fall time (tf)
Function failure
Function performance status classification (FPSC)
Height of single pulse (V, I)
Impairment
Indirect discharge (for ESD)
Industrial assembly matrix (IBK)
Interference emission
Interference immunity
Interference pulse
Interference sink
Page 5
TL 81000: 2018-03
Interference source
Interference threshold
Origin of the disturbance or electrical device in the vehicle that emits the
disturbance.
Minimum value of a disturbance that causes a malfunction in an interfer‐
ence sink.
Interference when starting the engine
Voltage drop below the normal level, caused by the switch‐
Nominal voltage of the power supply system
The nominal voltage of the power supply system is
Interfering circuit
Malfunction
Parallel routing
Peak
Peak power
Pulse interval
Pulse repetition frequency
Pulse sequence
Return time
Ripple
Ripple magnitude
Rise time (tr)
Signal or sensor cable
Single pulse
Steady state condition
Supply voltage
ing on and turning of the starter. In engaging alternators, this interference
usually includes an initial single pulse when the starter is switched on and a
state while it is turning.
A circuit that emits interference.
Disturbance of the device's function to a degree that is no longer permissi‐
ble. The malfunction ends after the disturbance subsides.
specified in order to be independent from the used battery technology.
In this document, parallel routing describes cables following the same path
within a wiring harness.
Transitional process, during which the height of the ripple amplitude is ex‐
ceeded for less than 150 µs. Peaks are generally oscillating and arise from
high-frequency currents caused by sudden load changes. The duration of a
decreasing oscillation is defined as less than 1/20 of the interval between
two sequential peaks. Thus, decreasing oscillation after this time is to be
regarded as ripple. Frequent causes of decreasing oscillations include igni‐
tion systems and rectifiers at the output of alternators.
Energy per unit of time for decreasing peaks.
Time interval between the end of one pulse and the start of the following
pulse.
Number of pulses per unit of time.
A number of repeated pulses during a defined time interval.
Interval between the state in which the voltage increases above its normal
value due to a transitional process and the point in time at which the volt‐
age drops back to its original value and stays there.
More or less regular changes in voltage around the voltage level that arises
in the system in its steady state condition. Transitional processes and fre‐
quencies below 10 Hz are excluded (apart from the process of starting the
engine).
The maximum change in voltage caused by rippling above or below the
average level is called upper or lower amplitude. The ripple from amplitude
to amplitude is defined by the maximum distance between the upper and
lower amplitudes.
The time required to go from 10% to 90% of the amplitude.
Cables that are not directly or indirectly (via switch or relay contacts or
valves/actuators/sensors) galvanically connected to the power supply ca‐
bles.
A non-oscillating transitional process, usually occurring sporadically and in‐
frequently, which has a long duration in comparison to 150 µs and which
exceeds the ripple amplitude.
A condition that sets in after the activation operation and in which the val‐
ues of electrical variables remain essentially constant.
The voltage measured at any arbitrarily chosen pair of terminals of the pow‐
er supply system, whereby one terminal may also be a ground connection.
Page 6
TL 81000: 2018-03
Surface (for ESD)
System
Test step (for ESD)
Within this context, "surfaces" refers not only to closed surfaces, but also to
all gaps and openings (switches, tip switches, transition points, ventilation
slots, loudspeaker openings, etc.).
A system is defined as an assembly in conjunction with all components
necessary for complete functioning (tip switches, switches, antennas, dis‐
plays, sensors, actuators, etc.).
In the context of this standard, "test step" refers to the specified number of
discharges that occur at a discharge point and that have a specific polarity
and voltage.
Transitional process of supply voltage
Temporary increase or decrease of the supply voltage
Trunked radio
Vehicle power supply system
caused by rapid load changes.
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) ranges.
The electric system in a motor vehicle that is used to provide elec‐
trical power, including the connected battery and the alternator with regula‐
tor.
3
AN
AV
BCI
BOS
BW
CDMA
CP
DSRC
GNSS
GPS
GSM
ISM
LTE
OFDMA
PE
PK
PP
QP
RE
SC-FDMA
SDARS
SL
SRD
TD
TEM
TETRA
UMTS
WCDMA
Symbols and abbreviations
Artificial network
Linear average detector as per CISPR 16-1-1. Use of the linear average
detector without consideration of the time constant of the display apparatus
is also permissible.
Bulk current injection
Public safety organizations in Germany
Intermediate frequency (IF) measurement bandwidth of the test receiver
Code Division Multiple Access
Current probe
Dedicated short-range communication
Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo,
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS))
Global Positioning System
Global System for Mobile Communications
Industrial, scientific, and medical band
Long Term Evolution (4G, 4th-generation mobile radio communications)
Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
Polyethylene
Peak detector as per CISPR 16-1-1.
Polypropylene
Quasi-peak detector as per CISPR 16-1-1.
Radiated emission
Single-carrier frequency-division multiple access
Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service
Stripline
Short range devices
Time division
Transverse electromagnetic mode
Terrestrial Trunked Radio
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Page 7
TL 81000: 2018-03
4
General information
Requirements and terms
4.1
Deviations from the following test conditions must always be documented in the test record.
Temperature
4.1.1
– Operating temperature range:
–
Test temperature range:
As per drawing, Performance Specification, or TL
(23 ±5) °C; operating temperature in special cases
Run-in time
4.1.2
The electrical DUTs must be subjected to a 15 min run-in time under the specified load (as per
drawing or Performance Specification) and with the test voltage.
4.1.3
Test voltage
– Operating voltages
As per drawing, Performance Specification, or TL. Un‐
less otherwise specified, the following voltage values
apply:
Operating voltage
Test voltage
Table 1 – Operating voltages and test voltages
Nominal voltage of the power supply system in V
12
13.5 ±0.5
24
27 ±1
42
48
as per VW 80000
42 ±1.5
48 ±1.5
Test documentation
4.1.4
The following documents must be submitted when the development process starts:
–
System designation and description with representation of the system functions
– Circuit diagram, component location drawing, and bill of materials
– Operating states with sequence descriptions (e.g., switch-on/off operations, static/dynamic
states)
– Description of circuit parts (sub-systems, sensors, actuators)
–
–
–
– Description of EMC measures (e.g. filter and protective circuitry for inputs/outputs as well as
System variants and coding
Interfaces to other vehicle components
System-inherent fault handling and diagnostic function
supply cables, shielding measures)
Before the samples to be tested are delivered, the following documents must be presented in addi‐
tion:
–
Exact schedule for the planned EMC component testing and planned test location (laboratory)
– Deviations from TL specifications as agreed between the appropriate EMC department of the
Volkswagen Group and the supplier
Page 8
TL 81000: 2018-03
Informative, complete EMC qualification report for the pertinent sample version
–
– Hardware/software version with description of EMC measures
Function performance status classification (FPSC)
4.1.5
For interference immunity tests and electrostatic discharges, this standard uses the FPSC defined
in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards ISO 11452-1, ISO 7637-1,
and ISO 10605. The following status definitions as specified in ISO 11452-1 are used:
–
–
The function behaves as specified before, during, and after the test
The function does not behave as specified during the test, but automatically
returns to normal operation after the test
Status I
Status II
The following definitions from ISO 11452-1 are used to determine the status (I or II) that must be
met and the disturbance level up to which this status must be met:
–
–
Disturbance level up to which status I must be met
Disturbance level up to which at least status II must be met (status I is per‐
missible as well)
L1
L2
Deviating from the examples in ISO 11452-1, it is not the different functions of a DUT that are cate‐
gorized but the effects or functional deviations of a DUT occurring during an interference immunity
test. Based on how customers are affected, there are three categories of effects:
– Category 1
– Category 2
– Category 3
Minor effects or negligible DUT malfunctions
Effects or malfunctions of the DUT which impair comfort
All significant and all other effects and DUT malfunctions that do not fall into
category 1 or category 2
The vehicle manufacturer is solely responsible for categorizing the effects that occurred during
testing. If a malfunction has not been assigned a category, it must always be assigned to catego‐
ry 3. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the FPSC.
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