2013 年天津商业大学语言学及翻译考研真题 Linguistics (100 marks) I. Studying linguistics, we have come across a lot of technical terms, some of which are listed below. Please write out the most acceptable definitions for each of them. (10 %) a) duality; b) synchronic study; c) langue; d) allophone e) phrase f) surface structure; g) utterance h) register; i) culture j) creole Ⅱ. Studying linguistics we have been acquainted with many linguists, some of whom are listed below. Write out a phrase that may best represent their contributions to linguistics. a) Noam Chomsky b) M. A. K. Halliday c) John Searle d) Ferdinand de Saussure e) H. P. Grice f) J. Firth g) William Labov h) E. Sapir i) John Austin 

j) Dell Hymes III. Linguistics as a specified discipline has its own technical ways of operation. Try to fill the blanks to demonstrate your technical sense of linguistics. (15%) Please give the corresponding sound segments according to the descriptions: voiced alveolar fricative: a)________ voiced bilabial stop: b)_________ nasal velar: c)__________ In student /t/ is articulated as [th]; in tear, /t/ is articulated as [tl]. [th] and [tl] are therefore d)____________ of e)_________ because they are not distinctive in f)______________. There are 4 maxims carried out when we speak, they are maxim of quantity, maxim of g)_________, maxim of relation, and maxim of h)__________. Please divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next: i) industrialization __________; j) impossibility__________. From the perspective of lexical sense relation, kid and offspring are in the relation of k)___________; night and knight are in the relation of l)_________________. In syntax, it is believed that word-level categories are divided into two kinds, they are m)___________ and n)__________. In morphology, the ways words are formed are called o)____________, which determine how morphemes combine to form words. IV. To be a student of linguistics, it is important to develop a sense of critical thinking. Please answer the following questions to demonstrate your critical potentials. (35%) 1．What are the features of modern linguistics? And how do they become distinguished compared to historical linguistics? (7%) 2Try to use tree diagram to illustrate the meaning of Happy dogs and cats live on the farm. (5%) 3．Why is the notion of context essential to the pragmatic study of language? (8%) 4．What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? (7%) 

5．First consider the following situation: Student A: What do you think of the professor? Student B: En…he is a good cook. Now the question is: what implicature can you get from B’s utterance? Try to use Cooperative Principle to explain it. (8 %) V. Write two short essays on the following topics to demonstrate your potential of doing linguistics. (30%) 1．We have different sorts of ideas on language, such as “language is a set of rules, and it is rule-governed.”, “language is a network of choice”. What is your idea about language? Please illustrate your idea orderly and logically. (15%) 2．David Crystal (1992:17), a famous linguist, once wrote: “Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, sex, and voiceprints; psychologically in terms of language and personality, intelligence; geographically in terms of accents, dialects;ethnicallyandsociallyintermsofsocialstratification,class,status, role,solidarityanddistance”. Could you please write down your understanding of the above quotation in terms of language functions? (15%) VI．Turn the following passage into Chinese I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即 逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is. 

The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near. Instead of staring at a blank screen start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices. VII．Turn the following passage into English 地球上如果没有灰尘，也就没有生命。有的科学家估计，生命是随着陨石来到地球上 的。地球外的物质不断纷落在我们头上――每年每平方米面积上坠落 2 克，它们来自远远 的银河外星系。整个宇宙都充满了灰尘，然而我们能看见的却很少。它们有时作为陨石结 成块团，有时作为飞扬的尘土片绕着太阳转。从陨石尘可以了解许多宇宙历史方面的知识， 但收集宇宙尘很困难。为了解决这一问题，美国国家航天和航空局已向太空发射了一个特 殊的探测器，专门收集纯陨石尘。 灰尘在气候变化中起着颇大的作用。宇宙中的灰尘有明有暗，它们可以把太阳的辐射 光反射到宇宙，或者将能量储存起来。这意味着，有的灰尘在加热大气层，有的灰尘在冷 却大气层。但这种灰尘效应的总趋势是什么，目前尚不清楚。 对科学界来说，灰尘不是垃圾，它们是提供自然环境和宇宙环境信息的重要来源。研 究和分析灰尘的人，可以知道许多关于今天、昨天和以往 100 万年的情况。