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C#6.0本质论(英文版)全.pdf

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    Contents
    Figures
    Tables
    Foreword
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    About the Authors
    1 Introducing C#
    Hello, World
    C# Syntax Fundamentals
    Console Input and Output
    2 Data Types
    Fundamental Numeric Types
    More Fundamental Types
    null and void
    Categories of Types
    Nullable Modifier
    Conversions between Data Types
    Arrays
    3 Operators and Control Flow
    Operators
    Introducing Flow Control
    Code Blocks ({})
    Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces
    Boolean Expressions
    Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~)
    Control Flow Statements, Continued
    Jump Statements
    C# Preprocessor Directives
    4 Methods and Parameters
    Calling a Method
    Declaring a Method
    The using Directive
    Returns and Parameters on Main()
    Advanced Method Parameters
    Recursion
    Method Overloading
    Optional Parameters
    Basic Error Handling with Exceptions
    5 Classes
    Declaring and Instantiating a Class
    Instance Fields
    Instance Methods
    Using the this Keyword
    Access Modifiers
    Properties
    Constructors
    Static Members
    Extension Methods
    Encapsulating the Data
    Nested Classes
    Partial Classes
    6 Inheritance
    Derivation
    Overriding the Base Class
    Abstract Classes
    All Classes Derive from System.Object
    Verifying the Underlying Type with the is Operator
    Conversion Using the as Operator
    7 Interfaces
    Introducing Interfaces
    Polymorphism through Interfaces
    Interface Implementation
    Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces
    Interface Inheritance
    Multiple Interface Inheritance
    Extension Methods on Interfaces
    Implementing Multiple Inheritance via Interfaces
    Versioning
    Interfaces Compared with Classes
    Interfaces Compared with Attributes
    8 Value Types
    Structs
    Boxing
    Enums
    9 Well-Formed Types
    Overriding object Members
    Operator Overloading
    Referencing Other Assemblies
    Defining Namespaces
    XML Comments
    Garbage Collection
    Resource Cleanup
    Lazy Initialization
    10 Exception Handling
    Multiple Exception Types
    Catching Exceptions
    General Catch Block
    Guidelines for Exception Handling
    Defining Custom Exceptions
    Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception
    11 Generics
    C# without Generics
    Introducing Generic Types
    Constraints
    Generic Methods
    Covariance and Contravariance
    Generic Internals
    12 Delegates and Lambda Expressions
    Introducing Delegates
    Lambda Expressions
    Anonymous Methods
    General-Purpose Delegates: System.Func and System.Action
    13 Events
    Coding the Observer Pattern with Multicast Delegates
    Events
    14 Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators
    Anonymous Types and Implicitly Typed Local Variables
    Collection Initializers
    What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable
    Standard Query Operators
    15 LINQ with Query Expressions
    Introducing Query Expressions
    Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations
    16 Building Custom Collections
    More Collection Interfaces
    Primary Collection Classes
    Providing an Indexer
    Returning Null or an Empty Collection
    Iterators
    17 Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming
    Reflection
    nameof Operator
    Attributes
    Programming with Dynamic Objects
    18 Multithreading
    Multithreading Basics
    Working with System.Threading
    Asynchronous Tasks
    Canceling a Task
    The Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern
    Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel
    Running LINQ Queries in Parallel
    19 Thread Synchronization
    Why Synchronization?
    Timers
    20 Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code
    Platform Invoke
    Pointers and Addresses
    Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate
    Using the Windows Runtime Libraries from C#
    21 The Common Language Infrastructure
    Defining the Common Language Infrastructure
    CLI Implementations
    C# Compilation to Machine Code
    Runtime
    Application Domains
    Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules
    Common Intermediate Language
    Common Type System
    Common Language Specification
    Base Class Library
    Metadata
    A: Downloading and Installing the C# Compiler and CLI Platform
    Microsoft’s .NET
    B: Tic-Tac-Toe Source Code Listing
    C: Interfacing with Multithreading Patterns prior to the TPL and C# 6.0
    D: Timers Prior to the Async/Await Pattern of C# 5.0
    Index
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    K
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    X
    Y
    Z
    Index of 6.0 Topics
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    I
    M
    N
    O
    P
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    Index of 5.0 Topics
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    G
    H
    I
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    R
    S
    T
    U
    W
    Index of 4.0 Topics
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    R
    S
    T
    U
    W
    Index of 3.0 Topics
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    I
    J
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    ptg16606403
    Essential C# 6.0
    The Addison-Wesley Microsoft Technology Series Visit informit.com/mstechseries for a complete list of available products. Titles in The Addison-Wesley Microsoft Technology Series address the latest Microsoft technologies used by developers, IT professionals, managers, and architects. Titles in this series cover a broad range of topics, from programming languages to servers to advanced developer techniques. The books are written by thought leaders and experts in their respective communities, including many MVPs and RDs. The format of this series was created with ease-of-use in mind, incorporating features that make finding topics simple; visually friendly charts and fonts; and thorough and intuitive indexes. With trusted authors, rigorous technical reviews, authoritative coverage, and independent viewpoints, the Microsoft Community can rely on Addison-Wesley to deliver the highest quality technical information. Make sure to connect with us! informit.com/socialconnect ptg16606403
    Essential C# 6.0 Mark Michaelis with Eric Lippert New York • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City ptg16606403
    Microsoft, Windows, Visual Basic, Visual C#, and Visual C++ are either registered trademarks or trade- marks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries/regions. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales department at corp- sales@pearsoned.com or (800) 382-3419. For government sales inquiries, please contact governmentsales@pearsoned.com. For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact international@pearsoned.com. Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Michaelis, Mark. Essential C# 6.0 / Mark Michaelis with Eric Lippert. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-13-414104-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-13-414104-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. C# (Computer program language) 2. Microsoft .NET Framework. I. Lippert, Eric, author. II. Title. QA76.73.C154M5239 2016 005.13’3—dc23 2015025757 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a re- trieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, record- ing, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 200 Old Tappan Road, Old Tappan, New Jersey 07657, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-414104-6 ISBN-10: 0-13-414104-0 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Edwards Brothers Malloy in Ann Arbor, Michigan First printing, September 2015 ptg16606403
    To my family: Elisabeth, Benjamin, Hanna, and Abigail. You have sacrificed a husband and daddy for countless hours of writing, frequently at times when he was needed most. Thanks! n ptg16606403
    This page intentionally left blank ptg16606403
    Contents at a Glance Figures xv Contents ix Tables xvii Foreword xix Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxxv About the Authors xxxvii 1 Introducing C# 1 2 Data Types 35 3 Operators and Control Flow 89 4 Methods and Parameters 161 5 Classes 217 6 Inheritance 289 7 Interfaces 325 8 Value Types 351 9 Well-Formed Types 383 10 Exception Handling 433 11 Generics 455 12 Delegates and Lambda Expressions 505 vii ptg16606403
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