Design Thinking.pdf

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Cover

Understanding Innovation

Design Thinking

ISBN 9783642137563

Foreword

Contents

Contributors

Design Thinking Research

1 The Philosophy of Design Thinking

2 Rules of Design Thinking

2.1 The Human Rule: All Design Activity Is Ultimately Social in Nature

2.2 The Ambiguity Rule: Design Thinkers Must Preserve Ambiguity

2.3 The Re-design Rule: All Design Is Re-design

2.4 The Tangibility Rule: Making Ideas Tangible Always Facilitates Communication

2.5 HPI-Stanford Design Thinking Research Program

3 The Program Book

4 In Summary

Part I Design Thinking in Various Contexts

Design Thinking: A Fruitful Concept for IT Development?

1 Introduction: On Problem Solving in Design and Science

2 Understanding the Problem: Overcoming the Dilemma of Analytical Thinking in IT Development by Design Thinking?

2.1 Why IT Development Tends to Take Place in an Engineering Expert's World

2.2 The Dilemma of a Predominantly Technical Perspective

2.3 Design Thinking as a Complementary Approach?

3 Discussing the Context: Waterfalls, Agility, and New Design Professions

3.1 Overcoming the Waterfall with Agile Development

3.2 Adding New IT Design Specialists

3.3 Design Thinking in the Context of IT Development Approaches

4 Discussion: On the Challenges of Translating Design Thinking into Action

4.1 The Didactic Perspective: Educating Design Thinking Competencies

4.2 The Organizational Perspective: Design Thinking as a Front-End Technique or as an Integrated Development Philosophy?

5 Outlook

References

A Unified Innovation Process Model for Engineering Designers and Managers

1 Introduction

2 Unified Innovation Process Model for Engineering Designers and Managers

2.1 Designer-Initiated Feedback Pathways

2.2 Reviewer-Initiated Feedback Pathways and Gates

3 Research Methodology

4 Designers Gain Necessary Insights by Experimenting

4.1 Case A: Paper Bike

4.2 Case B: Convertible Experience

4.3 Case C: Task Management Software

4.4 Cross-case Analysis Reveals Pattern

4.5 Execution Hypothesis

5 Reviewers Often Discourage Experimenting

5.1 Case A: Paper Bike

5.2 Case B: Convertible Experience

5.3 Reviewers Can Encourage Experimenting as Exemplified by Case C: Task Management Software

5.4 Cross-Case Analysis Reveals Pattern

5.5 Censorship Hypothesis

6 Discussion

7 Conclusion

References

Product Differentiation by Aesthetic and Creative Design: A Psychological and Neural Framework of Design Thinking

1 Introduction

2 Aesthetics and Creativity as Design Thinking Mechanisms

2.1 Psychological and Neural Bases of Aesthetics

2.1.1 Psychology of Aesthetics

2.1.2 Neuroscience of Aesthetics

2.2 Psychological and Neural Bases of Creativity

2.2.1 Psychology of Creativity

2.2.2 Neuroscience of Creativity

3 A Definition and Framework of Design Thinking

4 Conclusion

References

Part II Understanding Design Thinking

Re-representation: Affordances of Shared Models in Team-Based Design

1 Introduction

2 Media Models and Media Cascades

2.1 Resolution

2.2 Abstraction

2.3 Media Cascades

2.4 The Media-Models Framework

2.4.1 Completion

2.4.2 Ambiguous Media

2.4.3 Mathematized Media

2.4.4 Hybrid Media

3 Cognitive Strategies

4 Experimental Data

4.1 Results

4.2 New Insights

4.2.1 Statement of Intention

4.2.2 Asking Process Questions

4.2.3 Envisioning User Scenarios

4.2.4 Enacting User Scenarios

4.2.5 Combining Metaphors (It's Like X+Y)

4.2.6 Experiencing Eureka Moments (Ahhh!)

5 Tangible Business Process Modeling

5.1 The Media of BPM

5.2 Intermediary Objects

5.3 Development of TBPM

5.3.1 Role-Playing with Legos™

5.3.2 Post-It® Notes

5.3.3 Systems Modeling Objects

5.3.4 Tangible Business Process Modeling (TBPM)

6 Conclusion

7 Future Work

References

The Co-evolution of Theory and Practice in Design Thinking -- or -- ``Mind the Oddness Trap!''

1 From Design Thinking to Design Thinking Research

2 Experts Revealing What They Think About Design Thinking

3 Telling Differences, Illuminating Parallels

4 Preparing a Look Behind the Curtain: Specifying Hypotheses

5 Why Experiments Matter

6 The Challenge

7 Operationalization or: Let's Be Concrete!

8 Looking Behind the Curtain: The Experiment

9 Design Thinkers Versus ``Ordinary Students'': Results

10 Discussion

11 What We Wish to Pass Back

Innovation and Culture: Exploring the Work of Designers Across the Globe

1 Introduction

2 National Culture and Design Practice

3 Method

4 Insights

4.1 Culture and Design

4.1.1 Client Expectations

4.1.2 What It Means to Be Creative

4.1.3 Interaction Norms Across Professions

4.1.4 The Role of the Prototype

4.1.5 The Ecology of Design Education

4.2 Methodological Insights

5 Conclusions

References

The Efficacy of Prototyping Under Time Constraints

1 Introduction

1.1 Oscillating Between Creation and Feedback

1.2 Prototyping with Internal and External Representations

1.3 Is Iterative Prototyping Undervalued?

2 Method

2.1 Materials and Design Task

2.2 Participants

2.3 Procedure

3 Results

3.1 Influence of Prior Exposure to Design Tasks

3.2 Influence of Design Experience on Task Performance

4 Participant Creations

5 Interviews

5.1 Prototyping Strategies

5.2 Learning from Iteration

5.3 Using Mental Simulation

5.4 Effects of Manipulating Iteration

5.5 Iteration did not Lead to Divergence

5.6 Factors that Prevented Divergence

6 Conclusion

7 Future Work

References

Part III Tools for Design Thinking

An Instrument for Real-Time Design Interaction Capture and Analysis

1 Introduction

2 Improving Design Process Instrumentation

2.1 Challenges in the Development of Computational Design Research Instruments

2.2 Can Digital Traces of Communication Be a Surrogate for Team Behavior?

3 A Real-Time Design Research Instrument

3.1 Capturing Design Team Activities

3.2 System Implementation and Testbed Integration

3.3 Case Study in Team Performance Measurement

4 Key Findings and Contribution

4.1 Findings Related to the Hypothesis

4.2 Contributions to the Knowledge Base

4.3 Contributions to the Research Environment

5 Conclusion and Future Work

References

Tele-Board: Enabling Efficient Collaboration In Digital Design Spaces Across Time and Distance

1 Creativity Across Distances: Can We Make It Work?

2 Analyzing Design Thinking Working Modes

3 Evaluating Existing Tools for Remote Collaboration

4 Our Tool: Tele-Board -- A Digital Whiteboard for Remote Collaboration

4.1 Tele-Board: General Architecture

4.2 Tele-Board: Server Component

4.3 Tele-Board: Input Devices

4.4 Tele-Board: Video Conferencing and Remote Full-Body Gesture Overlay

5 Tele-Board: User Feedback

6 Outlook and Future Work

References

Physicality in Distributed Design Collaboration How Embodiment and Gesture Can Re-establish Rapport and Support Better Design

1 Introduction

1.1 Scenario: `Remote' Collaborators

1.2 Constituents of Design Communication

2 Understanding Collaboration in Design

2.1 Designers Use Their Bodies

2.2 Design at a Distance

2.3 Modes of Communication

3 Explorations in Distributed Design

3.1 Study 1: Embodiment and Presence

3.2 Study 2: Agency and Approachability

3.3 Study 3: Gesture and Identity

4 Plans and Issues for the Future

5 Conclusion

5.1 Scenario: Continued

References

Part IV Design Thinking in Information Technology

Bringing Design Thinking to Business Process Modeling

1 Introduction

2 Background: Process Models Mediate Communication

3 Research Question: How to Improve the Quality of Communication

4 Iterating Ideas

4.1 First Iteration

4.2 Second Iteration

4.3 Third Iteration

4.4 Fourth Iteration

4.5 Fifth Iteration

5 Experiences with the TBPM Toolkit

6 Related Approaches

7 Research Methodology

8 Summary and Outlook

References

Agile Software Development in Virtual Collaboration Environments

1 Introduction

2 Motivation and State of the Art

2.1 Design Thinking for Agile Software Development

2.2 Collaboration Support for Distributed Development Teams

3 Design Thinking for Agile Software Development

3.1 Common Values

3.2 Approaches to Combine Design and Development Activities

4 Virtual Collaboration

4.1 Bringing Physical Artifacts to Digital Environments

4.2 Multi-user Multi-account Single-Screen Interaction

4.2.1 Merging Characteristics of Asynchronous Groupware and Single Display Groupware

4.2.2 Platform Support for Multi-user Multi-account Interaction

4.2.3 Application Support for Multi-user Multi-account Interaction

4.3 CodeTalk: Conversations About Code

4.3.1 The Need for Communicating About Code

4.3.2 Informal Communication via Markups

4.3.3 Case Study

5 Summary and Outlook

References

Towards Next Generation Design Thinking: Scenario-Based Prototyping for Designing Complex Software Systems with Multiple Users

1 Introduction

2 Project Setup

2.1 Research Method

2.2 Initial Research Hypotheses

2.3 Expected Impact

3 Research Results

3.1 Understand and Observe

3.2 Point of View

3.3 Ideation

3.4 Prototype

3.4.1 Initial Elicitation

3.4.2 Modeling the Insights

3.4.3 Insights Elicitation/Validation

3.4.4 Evaluation of Sessions

3.5 Tests and Learnings

3.5.1 Experiment Design

3.5.2 Experiment Results

3.6 Discussion of Results

4 Related Work

5 Summary and Future Work

References

Understanding Innovation Series Editors Christoph Meinel Larry Leifer For other titles published in this series, go to http://www.springer.com/series/8802

Hasso Plattner • Christoph Meinel • Larry Leifer Editors Design Thinking Understand – Improve – Apply ABC

Christoph Meinel Hasso-Plattner-Institut f¨ur Softwaresystemtechnik GmbH Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Str. 2-3 14482 Potsdam Germany meinel@hpi.uni-potsdam.de Editors Hasso Plattner Hasso-Plattner-Institut f¨ur Softwaresystemtechnik GmbH Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Str. 2-3 14482 Potsdam Germany hasso.plattner@sap.com Larry Leifer Center for Design Research (CDR) Stanford University 424 Panama Mall Stanford, CA 94305-2232 USA leifer@cdr.stanford.edu e-ISBN 978-3-642-13757-0 ISBN 978-3-642-13756-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-13757-0 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speciﬁcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microﬁlm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speciﬁc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword In 2005, the Hasso-Plattner-Institute of Design at Stanford University in California began to teach Design Thinking to engineering students. The philosophy behind this venture was the conviction that it is possible to train engineers and scientists to be- come innovators. Design Thinking has since become a highly recommended course in the Stanford engineering curriculum. The method of Design Thinking melds an end-user focus with multidisciplinary collaboration and iterative improvement and is a powerful tool for achieving desirable, user-friendly, and economically viable design solutions and innovative products and services. In 2007, a second School of Design Thinking, operating under similar premises, was established at the Hasso- Plattner-Institute (HPI) for IT Systems Engineering in Potsdam, Germany. It has been equally successful in attracting students and external partners from indus- try, the public sector, and society, and producing innovative products and services solutions. My motivation behind initiating the HPI-Stanford Design Thinking Research Program was the desire to understand why and how the Design Thinking method works on a scientiﬁc basis. Through joint research projects, we try to ﬁgure out which factors ultimately contribute to the success of this type of innovation in all areas of life. In order to implement innovation processes in industry and the public sector, we must strive to improve our understanding of them. My main interest is to see the Design Thinking method used in IT/engineering and to understand how it inspires creative multidisciplinary teamwork across facul- ties; whether and how spatial, time, and cultural boundaries can be overcome; and how it can be meshed with traditional approaches in the ﬁeld of engineering. We might also be able to propose different organizational structures for design teams in corporations. It has also been a mystery to me for a long time why the structure of successful design teams differs so substantially from traditional corporate structures. I am delighted and proud to see this transatlantic research cooperation thrive and develop into a potent academic force in the ﬁeld of innovation research, and I am conﬁdent that answers to some of these questions can be found – and to an v

vi Foreword extent – have already been found. This volume presents the ﬁrst comprehensive collection of the research studies carried out by the HPI-Stanford Design Thinking Research Program and is an excellent starting point for the new Springer series on “Understanding Innovation.” Potsdam/Palo Alto May 2010 Hasso Plattner

Contents Design Thinking Research ....................................................... xiii Christoph Meinel and Larry Leifer Part I Design Thinking in Various Contexts Design Thinking: A Fruitful Concept for IT Development? ................. Tilmann Lindberg, Christoph Meinel, and Ralf Wagner 3 A Uniﬁed Innovation Process Model for Engineering Designers and Managers ..................................................................... 19 Philipp Skogstad and Larry Leifer Product Differentiation by Aesthetic and Creative Design: A Psychological and Neural Framework of Design Thinking ................ 45 Martin Reimann and Oliver Schilke Part II Understanding Design Thinking Re-representation: Affordances of Shared Models in Team-Based Design ............................................................ 61 Jonathan Edelman and Rebecca Currano The Co-evolution of Theory and Practice in Design Thinking – or – “Mind the Oddness Trap!”.................................... 81 Julia von Thienen, Christine Noweski, Christoph Meinel, and Ingo Rauth Innovation and Culture: Exploring the Work of Designers Across the Globe .................................................................. 101 Pamela Hinds and Joachim Lyon The Efﬁcacy of Prototyping Under Time Constraints ........................ 111 Steven P. Dow and Scott R. Klemmer vii

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