Unity AI Game Programming - Second Edition.pdf

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Cover

Credits

About the Authors

About the Reviewers

www.PacktPub.com

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: The Basics of AI in Games

Creating the illusion of life

Leveling up your game with AI

Using AI in Unity

Defining the agent

Finite State Machines

Seeing the world through our agent's eyes

Path following and steering

Using A* Pathfinding

Using navigation mesh

Flocking and crowd dynamics

Behavior trees

Thinking with fuzzy logic

Summary

Chapter 2: Finite State Machines and You

Finding uses for FSMs

Creating state machine behaviors

Creating the AnimationController asset

Layers and Parameters

The animation controller inspector

Bringing behaviors into the picture

Creating our very first state

Transitioning between states

Setting up our player tank

Creating the enemy tank

Choosing transitions

Making the cogs turn

Setting conditions

Driving parameters via code

Making our enemy tank move

Testing

Summary

Chapter 3: Implementing Sensors

Basic sensory systems

Cone of sight

Hearing, feeling, and smelling using spheres

Expanding AI through omniscience

Getting creative with sensing

Setting up the scene

Setting up the player tank and aspect

Implementing the player tank

Implementing the Aspect class

Creating an AI character

Using the Sense class

Giving a little perspective

Touching is believing

Testing the results

Summary

Chapter 4: Finding Your Way

Following a path

The path script

Using the path follower

Avoiding obstacles

Adding a custom layer

Implementing the avoidance logic

A* Pathfinding

Revisiting the A* algorithm

Implementation

Implementing the Node class

Establishing the priority queue

Setting up our grid manager

Diving into our A* implementation

Implementing a Test Code class

Setting up our sample scene

Testing all the components

Navigation mesh

Setting up the map

Navigation Static

Baking the navigation mesh

Using the NavMesh agent

Setting a destination

The Target class

Testing slopes

Exploring areas

Making sense of Off Mesh Links

Using the generated Off Mesh Links

Setting the manual Off Mesh Links

Summary

Chapter 5: Flocks and Crowds

Learning the origins of flocks

Understanding the concepts behind flocks and crowds

Flocking using Unity's samples

Mimicking individual behavior

Creating the controller

Using an alternative implementation

Implementing the FlockController

Using crowds

Implementing a simple crowd simulation

Using the CrowdAgent component

Adding some fun obstacles

Summary

Chapter 6: Behavior Trees

Learning the basics of behavior trees

Understanding different node types

Defining composite nodes

Understanding decorator nodes

Describing the leaf node

Evaluating the existing solutions

Implementing a basic behavior tree framework

Implementing a base Node class

Extending nodes to selectors

Moving on to sequences

Implementing a decorator as an inverter

Creating a generic action node

Testing our framework

Planning ahead

Examining our scene setup

Exploring the MathTree code

Executing the test

Summary

Chapter 7: Using Fuzzy Logic to Make Your AI Seem Alive

Defining fuzzy logic

Picking fuzzy systems over binary systems

Using fuzzy logic

Implementing a simple fuzzy logic system

Expanding the sets

Defuzzifying the data

Using the resulting crisp data

Using a simpler approach

Finding other uses for fuzzy logic

Merging with other concepts

Creating a truly unique experience

Summary

Chapter 8: How It All Comes Together

Setting up the rules

Creating the towers

Making the towers shoot

Setting up the tank

Setting up the environment

Testing the example

Summary

Index

[ 1 ]

Unity AI Game Programming Second Edition Leverage the power of Unity 5 to create stunningly life-like AI entities in your games! Ray Barrera Aung Sithu Kyaw Clifford Peters Thet Naing Swe BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

Unity AI Game Programming Second Edition Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: July 2013 Second edition: September 2015 Production reference: 1180915 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK. ISBN 978-1-78528-827-2 www.packtpub.com

Credits Copy Editor Swati Priya Project Coordinator Milton Dsouza Proofreader Safis Editing Indexer Monica Ajmera Mehta Production Coordinator Arvindkumar Gupta Cover Work Arvindkumar Gupta Authors Ray Barrera Aung Sithu Kyaw Clifford Peters Thet Naing Swe Reviewers Mohammedun Bakir Bagasrawala Adam Boyce Jack Donovan Chaima Jemmali Akshay Sunil Masare Commissioning Editor Kartikey Pandey Acquisition Editors Manish Nainani Llewellyn Rozario Content Development Editor Rashmi Suvarna Technical Editors Manal Pednekar Ankita Thakur

About the Authors Ray Barrera was a tinker in his childhood. From making mods and custom maps in games such as StarCraft and Unreal Tournament to developing open source role-playing games using RPG Maker, he always had a passion for game development. The passion stayed with him, and after many years as a hobbyist, he decided to take the plunge into professional development. In the initial stages of his career, he was fortunate enough to work on educational and research projects for major contractors in the defense industry, allowing him to blend his love for games with his innate desire to teach and create interactive experiences. Since then, he has straddled the line between entertainment and education. Unity was the logical weapon of choice for him as it gave him the flexibility to create games and applications and iterate quickly. From being an original member of the Los Angeles Unity meetup to helping coordinate Unity workshops at local colleges and high schools, he has been very active in the Unity community. You can follow him on Twitter at @ray_barrera. There are too many people to name, but I'd like to thank the team at Packt Publishing for this exciting opportunity, and of course, my wonderful friends and family, especially my parents, who always encouraged me to follow my passion and supported me along every step of the way. I'd also like to thank the Twistory team for being such an amazing group of people—Danny, JP, DW, Richard, the lovely "Purple", and everyone else—whom I was so fortunate to work with. Thanks to Peter Trennum for the mentorship and leadership he has provided at this stage in my career. Lastly, I'd like to thank Gianni, my brother, for all the love and support over the years.

Aung Sithu Kyaw has been in the technical industry for over a decade. He is passionate about graphics programming, creating video games, writing, and sharing knowledge with others. He holds an MSc in digital media technology from the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. Over the last few years, he has worked in various positions, including research programmer and senior game programmer. Lastly, he worked as a research associate, which involved implementing a sensor-based real-time movie system using Unreal Development Kit. In 2011, he founded a tech start-up, which focuses on interactive media productions and backend server-side technologies. He is currently based in Myanmar and working on his latest company's product, a gamified social opinion network for Myanmar. He can be followed on Twitter at @aungsithu and LinkedIn at http://linkedin. com/in/aungsithu. Thanks to my coauthors who worked really hard with me on this book despite their busy schedules and helped get this book published. Thanks also goes to the team at Packt Publishing for having us produce this book. And finally, thanks to the awesome guys at Unity3D for building this amazing toolset and making it affordable to indie game developers. Dedicated to L! Clifford Peters is a programmer and a computer scientist. He was the technical reviewer for Unity Game Development Essentials, Unity 3D Game Development by Example Beginner's Guide, Unity 3 Game Development HOTSHOT, Unity 3.x Game Development by Example Beginner's Guide, Unity iOS Game Development Beginner's Guide, and Unity iOS Essentials, all by Packt Publishing.

Thet Naing Swe is the founder and CTO of Joy Dash Pte Ltd, based in Singapore. He graduated from the University of Central Lancashire with a major in game design and development and started his career as a game programmer at one of the UK-based Nintendo DS game development studios. In 2010, he relocated to Singapore and worked as a graphics programmer at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) on a cinematic research project. At Joy Dash, he's responsible for interactive digital media consulting projects, especially in education, casual games, and augmented reality projects using Unity 3D as the main development tool. He can be reached via thetnswe@gmail.com. I would like to thank the whole team at Packt Publishing for keeping track of all the logistics and making sure the book was published no matter what; I really appreciate this. I'd also like to thank my parents for supporting me all these years and letting me pursue my dream of becoming a game developer. Without all your support, I wouldn't be here today. And finally, a huge thanks to my wife, May Thandar Aung, for allowing me to work on this book after office hours, late at night, and even on weekends. Without your understanding and support, this book would have been delayed for another year. I'm grateful to have your support in whatever I do. I love you.

About the Reviewers Mohammedun Bakir Bagasrawala is a Unity AI engineer at Beachhead Studio, an Activision Blizzard studio. He holds a master's degree in computer science with a specialization in game development from the University of Southern California. He worked at DreamWorks Animation, where he was part of the team that built innovative AI technologies. He then moved to Treyarch and had the utmost pleasure of working on Call of Duty: Black Ops 3, implementing several features of this game. Apart from his professional experience, he has also been an AI lead across a gamut of mobile, console, and board games at the USC GamePipe Laboratory. I would like to thank my parents, Shabbir and Rita; my siblings, Esmail and Jacklyn; and my best friend, Afreen, for helping me become who I am today. I would also like to thank Giselle, Pratik, Rushabh, Neel, Soham, Kashyap, Sabarish, and Alberto as they have stood by me throughout. Lastly, I would like to thank my former managers, Mark, Vishwa, Ryan, and Trevor and my professors, Artem and Michael Zyda. Adam Boyce is a software developer and an independent game developer who specializes in C# scripting, game design, and AI development. His experience includes application support, software development, and data architecture with various Canadian corporations. He was also the technical reviewer for Unity AI Programming Essentials, Packt Publishing. You can read his development blog at www.gameovertures.ca and follow him on Twitter at https://twitter.com/AdamBoyce4. I'd like to thank my wife, Gail, for supporting me throughout the review process and also in my life and career.

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