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Microwave and RF Design.pdf

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    Cover Page
    Preface
    Table of Contents
    Ch. 1 - Modulation, Transmitters and Receivers
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 RF Signals
    1.3 Analog Modulation
    1.4 Digital Modulation
    1.5 Interference and Distortion
    1.6 Early Receiver Technology
    1.7 Modern Transmitter Architectures
    1.8 Modern Receiver Architectures
    1.9 Summary
    1.10 Exercises
    Ch. 2 - Antennas and RF Link
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 RF Antennas
    2.3 Radiation from a Current Filament
    2.4 Resonant Antennas
    2.5 Traveling-Wave Antennas
    2.6 The RF Link
    2.7 Radio Link Interference
    2.8 Summary
    2.9 Exercises
    Ch. 3 - Radio Frequency Systems
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Communication Over Distance
    3.3 Wireless Standards
    3.4 Conventional Wireless Communications
    3.5 Simplex and Duplex Operation
    3.6 Cellular Communications
    3.7 Multiple Access Schemes
    3.8 Spectrum Efficiency
    3.9 Cellular Phone Systems
    3.10 Generations of Radio
    3.11 Long-Term Evolution: Beyond 3G
    3.12 Radar Systems
    3.13 Radiometer System
    3.14 Summary
    3.15 Exercises
    Ch. 4 - Transmission Lines
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Media
    4.3 Substrates
    4.4 Transmission Line Structures
    4.5 Modeling of Transmission Lines
    4.6 Transmission Line Theory
    4.7 The Terminated Lossless Line
    4.8 Special Cases of Lossless Terminated Lines
    4.9 Input Impedance of a Terminated Lossy Line
    4.10 Microstrip Transmission Lines
    4.11 Microstrip Design Formulas
    4.12 Transmission Line Components
    4.13 Resonators
    Untitled
    4.14 Summary
    4.15 Exercises
    Ch. 5 - Extraordinary Transmission Line Effects
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Frequency-Dependent Characteristics
    5.3 High-Frequency Properties of Microstrip Lines
    5.4 Multimoding on Transmission Lines
    5.5 Parallel-Plate Waveguide
    5.6 Microstrip Operating Frequency Limitations
    5.7 Power Losses and Parasitic Effects
    5.8 Lines on Semiconductor Substrates
    5.9 Summary
    5.10 Exercises
    Ch. 6 - Microwave Network Analysis
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Two-Port Networks
    6.3 Scattering Parameters
    6.4 The N-Port Network
    6.5 Scattering Parameter Matrices of Common Two-Ports
    6.6 Scattering Parameter Two-Port Relationships
    6.7 Signal Flow Graph
    6.8 Polar Representations of Scattering Parameters
    6.9 Smith Chart
    6.10 Reflection Coefficient and Change of Reference Impedance
    6.11 Measurement of Scattering Parameters
    6.12 Summary
    6.13 Exercises
    Ch. 7 - Passive Components
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Lumped Elements
    7.3 Terminations and Attenuators
    7.4 Magnetic Transformers
    7.5 Hybrids
    7.6 Balun
    7.7 Wilkinson Combiner and Divider
    7.8 Transmission Line Transformer
    7.9 Hybrid Transformer Used as a Combiner
    7.10 Hybrid Transformer Used as a Power Splitter
    7.11 Broadband Hybrid Combiner
    7.12 Branch-Line Hybrids Based on Transmission Lines
    7.13 Lumped-Element Hybrids
    7.14 Resonators
    7.15 Circulators and Isolators
    7.16 Summary
    7.17 Exercises
    Ch. 8 - Impedance Matching
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Q Factor and Resonant Circuits
    8.3 Impedance Transforming Networks
    8.4 The L Matching Network
    8.5 Dealing with Complex Loads
    8.6 Multi-Element Matching
    8.7 Impedance Matching Using Smith Charts
    8.8 Distributed Matching
    8.9 Summary
    8.10 Exercises
    Ch. 9 - Coupled Lines and Applications
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Physics of Coupling
    9.3 Coupled Transmission Line Theory
    9.4 Capacitance Matrix Extraction
    9.5 Symmetric Coupled Transmission Lines
    9.6 Formulas for Characteristic Impedance of Coupled Microstrip Lines
    9.7 Directional Coupler
    9.8 Common Impedance Coupling
    9.9 The Lange Coupler
    9.10 Directional Coupler with Lumped Capacitors
    9.11 Models of Parallel Coupled Lines
    9.12 Differential and Common Modes
    9.13 Summary
    9.14 Exercises
    Ch. 10 - Filters
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Singly and Doubly Terminated Networks
    10.3 The Lowpass Filter Prototype
    10.4 The Maximally Flat (Butterworth) Lowpass Approximation
    10.5 The Chebyshev Lowpass Approximation
    10.6 Element Extraction
    10.7 Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters
    10.8 Impedance and Admittance Inverters
    10.9 Filter Transformations
    10.10 Cascaded Line Realization of Filters
    10.11 Richard's Transformation
    10.12 Coupled Line Configurations
    10.13 Inverter Network Scaling
    10.14 Combline Filter
    10.15 Parallel Coupled Line Filters in an Inhomogenous Medium
    10.16 Design of a Bandstop Filter
    10.17 Alternative Bandpass Filter Topologies
    10.18 Active Filters
    10.19 Summary
    10.20 Exercises
    Ch. 11 - Amplifiers
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Transistor Technology
    11.3 Amplifier Design Strategies
    11.4 Class A, AB, B, and C Amplifiers
    11.5 Amplifier Stability
    11.6 Amplifier Gain Definitions
    11.7 Linear Amplifier Design
    11.8 Differential Amplifier
    11.9 Distributed Biasing of Differential Amplifiers
    11.10 Switching Amplifiers
    11.11 Noise
    11.12 Amplifier Nonlinear Distortion
    11.13 Dynamic Range
    11.14 Distortion and Digitally Modulated Signals
    11.15 Amplifiers and RFICs
    11.16 Management of Amplifier Distortion
    11.17 Summary
    11.18 Exercises
    Ch. 12 - Mixers, Oscillators, and Switches
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Diodes
    12.3 Mixers
    12.4 Switches
    12.5 Oscillators
    12.6 Design of a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
    12.7 Summary
    12.8 Exercises
    Ch. 13 - Synthesis
    13.1 Introduction
    13.2 Design of a Miniature Planar Marchand Baluns
    13.3 Biasing of Differential Circuits with Broadband Common-Mode Suppression
    13.4 Tapped Marchand Baluns for Stable Matching Applications
    13.5 Filters with Enhanced Stopband Performances
    13.6 Summary
    References
    Appendices
    A: Mathematical Indentities and Relationships
    B: Power Descriptions
    C: Physical Constants and Material Properties
    D: Maxwell's Equations
    E: Waveguide Field Analysis
    F: RF and Microwave Circuit Schematic Symbols
    G: Active Device Models
    Index
    Glossary
    Michael Steer North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina scitechpublishing.com
    Published by SciTech Publishing, Inc. 911 Paverstone Drive, Suite B Raleigh, NC 27615 (919) 847-2434, fax (919) 847-2568 scitechpublishing.com Copyright © 2010 by SciTech Publishing, Raleigh, NC. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United Stated Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, SciTech Publishing, Inc., 911 Paverstone Drive, Suite B, Raleigh, NC 27615, (919) 847-2434, fax (919) 847-2568, or email editor@scitechpub.com. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. Editor: Dudley R. Kay Production Manager: Robert Lawless Typesetting: Michael Steer Cover Design: Kathy Gagne Printe: Docusource This book is available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information and quotes, please contact the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 9781891121883 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.
    v To my daughter, Fiona
    vi Teflon is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours. SONNET is a trademark of Sonnet Corporation. Smith is a registered trademark of Analog Instruments Company of New Providence, NJ. The Smith charts shown in this book are proprietary to Analog Instruments Company and reproduction thereof without express written permission is prohibited. Printed Smith charts are available from Analog Instruments Company, P.O. Box 950, New Providence, NJ 07974, USA. All other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.
    Preface Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach is a comprehensive introduction to Radio Frequency (RF) and microwave design with a modern ”systems-first” approach. The book has been developed over 10 years of teaching the class to ever-increasing numbers of Master’s-level students that is now averaging 90 per class. A strong emphasis on design permeates the book with extensive practical design examples focused on the main technologies encountered in RF engineering today. Design is oriented toward microstrip and planar circuit design so that lessons learned can be applied to real-world design tasks. Rationale The central philosophy behind this popular approach is that the student or practicing engineer will complete the book with a full appreciation for RF engineering and gain the practical skills to perform system-level design decisions. Now more than ever, companies need engineers with an ingrained appreciation of systems and armed with the skills to make system decisions. One of the greatest challenges facing RF and microwave engineering, however, is the increasing level of abstraction needed to create innovative microwave and RF systems. This book is organized in such a way that the reader comes to understand the impact that system-level decisions have on component and subsystem design. At the same time, the capabilities of technologies, components, and subsystems impact system design. The book is meticulously crafted to intertwine these themes. Audience The book was developed for three courses at North Carolina State Univer- sity. One is a final-year undergraduate class, another an introductory grad- uate class, and the third an advanced graduate class. I believe it is com- pletely understandable for senior-level students where a microwave/RF engineering course is offered. The book is a comprehensive RF and mi- crowave text and reference with detailed index, glossary, appendices, and cross-references throughout the text. Practicing engineers will find the book a valuable systems primer, a refresher as needed, and a reference tool in the field. Additionally, it can serve as a valuable, accessible resource for those outside RF circuit engineering who need to understand how they can work with RF hardware engineers.
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