雷达技术手册.pdf

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Title Page

Contents

Authors

Introduction

Use of Hypertext

Bibliography

Subject Bibliography

Acronyms

Radar Technology Encyclopedia (Electronic Edition) David K. Barton Sergey A. Leonov Editors Artech House Boston•.London

iv Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Barton, David K. Radar technology encyclopedia / David K. Barton and Sergey A. Leonov, editors Includes bibliographical rteferences and index ISBN 0-89006-893-3 1. Radar—Encyclopedias. II. Leonov, S. A. (Sergey Alexandovich). I. Barton, David Knox, 1927-. TK6574.R34 1997 621.3848’03—dc21 96-52026 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Radar technology encyclopedia 1 Radar- encyclopedias I. Barton, David K. (David Knox) ISBN 0-89006-893-3 II. Leonov, Sergey A. © 1998 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Produced in United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appro- priately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 0-89006-893-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-52026

v ix Contributors ix About the Authors Introduction xi Use of Hypertext Links xii A absorber, radar absorption accuracy acquisition adapter, microwave algorithm aliasing altimeter, radar ambiguity ambiguity function amplifier, microwave amplitron amplitude analyzer anechoic chamber angel (echo) angle antenna aperture approximation array (antenna) astronomy, radar atmosphere atmospherics attenuation attenuator autocorrelator autodyne availability axis B backscatter, backscattering backward-wave tube band bandwidth bang, main baseband baseline beam, antenna bel bimatron bitermitron blanking, blanker blinking blip blocking blooming Boltzmann’s constant boresighting Bragg bridge, microwave burnthrough buoy, radar C calibration camouflage cancellation, canceler capture effect 1 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 11 12 15 22 22 22 22 23 23 25 40 41 42 51 51 55 55 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 62 62 64 64 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 67 67 67 68 68 72 Table of Contents carcinotron cathode-ray tube cell, radar (resolution) centroiding cepstrum chaff channel chart chirp choke, microwave circuit circulator clipping clutter coast coaxitron code, coding coherence conductance confusion area connector, microwave conopulse constant false alarm rate contrast, radar control conversion, converter convolution coordinates, radar correlation function correlator Cotton-Mouton effect coupler, directional coverage, radar crossed-field amplifier crowbar D data, radar deception, radar decibel decoder decorrelation decoy, radar defruiter delay delay line delta [Dirac] function dematron demodulation demultiplexing depolarization depth of focus designation detectability factor detection [of radar targets] detector [demodulation, demodu- lators[ device, microwave diagram Dicke fix dielectric diffraction diode, microwave diplex (mode) dipole direction finder, direction finding discrimination, discriminator 72 72 73 73 74 74 74 75 76 76 76 77 78 78 88 88 88 90 91 91 91 91 91 93 93 94 96 96 97 98 98 99 100 101 103 104 105 105 106 106 106 106 107 107 111 111 111 111 111 112 112 112 113 125 129 132 132 133 133 133 137 137 137 138 display, radar distribution diversity divider doppler effect drive duct, ducting duplexer duty factor dynamic range E eclipsing echo, radar effective echoing area electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) electronic counter- counter mea- sures ECCM) electronic countermeasures (ECM) electronic intelligence electronic (warfare) support mea- sures (ESM) electronic warfare equalization equivalence principle error, measurement exciter F fading failure false alarm fantastron Faraday feed, antenna feedback feeder [feed line] fence ferrite field, electromagnetic filter, filtering fluctuation follower frequency Friis transmission formula “fruit” function, random fuze, radar G gain garble gate, gating generator ghost glint goniometer “grass” guidance, radar gull Gunn effect gyrotron 139 146 149 149 149 151 151 151 152 153 153 154 154 154 154 156 161 162 162 163 163 164 172 173 173 173 174 175 175 180 180 180 181 181 182 197 197 197 203 203 203 204 204 205 205 206 207 207 207 207 207 208 208 208

vi H height finder heterodyning hit hole, radar hologram, holography, radar homing, radar horizon, radar Huygens’ source hybrid (junction), microwave I illuminator image, imaging, radar impedance inductance information measure integrated circuit integration, integrator intelligence, radar interference interferometer, radar interpolation interrogation, interrogator intrusion ionosphere iris, matching J K jaff jammer, jamming jitter joint, microwave Josephson effect Kabanov effect klystron L lens likelihood limiter line load lobe local oscillator (LO) loss, in radar M magnetron map mapping mark, calibration matrix measurement, radar meteorology, radar microphone effect missile, antiradiation mixer model modulation modulator monopinch monopulse moving target detector moving target indication multiport, microwave multivibrator 209 210 210 210 210 213 213 213 213 214 214 216 217 217 217 219 223 223 223 223 224 224 224 225 225 225 231 232 232 232 232 234 237 238 240 240 240 241 243 258 262 262 263 263 264 265 266 266 266 269 269 271 274 275 278 279 283 283 N O navigation, radio navigator, doppler network noise nomenclature, radar notcher nuclear effects nulling Nyquist ‘ operator, radar oscillation oscillator, microwave P parametric echo effect pattern, antenna performance, radar permeability permittivity phase phase shifter phasor platform platinotron plumbing Poincaré sphere polarization polarizer polyplexer potential, radar power Poynting(’s) vector precision preclassification principle propagation, wave pulse pulse compression pulse repetition frquency (PRF) pulser Q Q(-factor) Q-function Quantization R (running) rabbits radar radar applications and types radar cross section radargrammetry radiation radiator, radiating elements, of antenna radiometer, radiometry, micro- wave radome railing range range equation range finder, ranging, radar receiver, reception, radar reciprocity reflection reflectivity reflectometer reflector refractivity relay, radar reliability, radar repair resistance resolution resonator, microwave response return loss ring S sample, sampling scan, scanning scanner, antenna scatterer, scattering scatterometer sea effect searchlighting seeker, radar selectivity sensitivity sequence service, radar sextant, radar shadow, radar shift keying sidelobe sight, radar signal, radar signal processing, signal proces- sor silence, radar skiatron slant-range effect slow-wave structure smoothing, data speckle spectrometer, spectroscopy, radar spectrum speed, blind spoofing squitter stabilitron stability stealth step function strobe subsystem, radar superposition suppression surveillance, radar switch, switching synchronizer synthesizer T tapering target, radar target recognition and identifica- tion temperature, noise test, testing, radar tetrode threshold throughput capability thyristor time tomography, microwave track, trackers, tracking tradeoff trainer, radar 284 285 286 286 288 289 289 290 290 290 290 291 296 296 299 299 300 300 300 304 304 304 304 304 304 307 307 307 307 310 310 310 310 310 313 315 318 319 320 320 320 320 320 321 361 370 371 372 373 374 376 376 378 385 387 393 393 395 396 396 400 400 400 400 401 401 404 408 408 408 408 409 411 414 415 416 416 416 418 418 418 419 420 420 420 420 421 421 424 425 425 425 425 426 426 426 426 427 427 427 427 427 428 428 428 428 428 429 429 429 429 429 430 430 432 436 438 439 439 439 440 440 441 441 445 446

vii transceiver transducer transfer function transform transformer, microwave transistor, microwave transmission line, microwave transmissivity transmitter, radar transponder traveling-wave tube (TWT) trigatron trigger (flip-flop) circuit triode, microwave troposphere tube, microwave twystron 446 446 446 446 449 450 452 456 456 459 460 462 462 462 462 463 465 U V uncertainty varactor varicap vaxitron vegetation factor velocity velodyne video visibility W wave, electromagnetic waveform, radar waveguide weighting zone, radar X Y Z Alphabetical Bibliography Bibliography by Subject Radar Abbreviations and Acro- nyms 465 466 466 466 466 466 466 466 467 468 472 478 483 484 485 503 507

ix CONTRIBUTORS Barton, David K., Vice President, ANRO Engineering (U.S.A.), contributed as editor and author. Barton, William F., Consulting Engineer, PictureTel (U.S.A.), contributed as translator. Hamilton, Paul C., Vice President, ANRO Engineering (U.S.A.), contributed as author. Leonov, Alexander I., Professor, Moscow Institute of Technology (Russia), contributed as author. Leonov, Sergey A., Senior Engineer, Raytheon Canada Limited (Canada), contributed as editor, author, and translator. Michelson, Max, Senior Research Scientist, ANRO Engineering (U.S.A.), contributed as translator. Morozov, Illya A., Senior Research Scientist, Aerospace Research Institute (Russia), contributed as author. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mr. David K. Barton is a well-known radar expert, lecturer, and author of several fundamental radar books published in the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China, and many other countries. Mr. Barton has had a long career in radar, including service with the U.S. Army Signal Corp., RCA, Raytheon, and currently as Vice President for Engineering with ANRO Engineering, Inc. He is an author of Radar Sys- tems Analysis (Prentice-Hall, 1964; Artech House, 1976) Modern Radar System Analysis (Artech House, 1988), coau- thor (with H. R. Ward) of Handbook of Radar Measurement (Prentice-Hall, 1969; Artech House, 1984), with W. F. Barton of Modern Radar System Analysis Software (Artech House, 1993), with C. E. Cook and P. C. Hamilton of Radar Evalua- tion Handbook (Artech House, 1991), and editor of Radars (Artech House, 1975). Mr. Barton is an editor of Artech House Radar Library, and a Fellow of the IEEE. His contribu- tion to the Encyclopedia is identified by the initials DKB fol- lowing the article. Dr. Paul C. Hamilton is a leading expert on radar and sys- tems design. He has much experience having served with the U.S. Air Force, Hughes Aviation Co., and Raytheon and now as Vice President for Radar Studies with ANRO Engineering, Inc. He is coauthor (with D. K. Barton and C. E. Cook) of the Radar Evaluation Handbook (Artech House, 1991). His con- tribution to the Encyclopedia is identified by the initials PCH following the article. Dr. Alexander I. Leonov is well known in Russia as a scien- tist and engineer in the field of radar. For about 25 years he was a senior member of teams that designed and tested state- of-the-art radars for Soviet ABM programs, and now he is a professor at the Moscow Institute of Technology. He is an author of Radar in Anti-Missile Defense (Voenizdat, 1967), coauthor (with K. I. Fomichev) of Monopulse Radar (Soviet- skoe Radio, 1970, 1984; trans. Artech House 1986), and coauthor and editor of Modeling in Radar (Sovietskoe Radio, 1979) and Radar Test (Radio i Svyaz, 1990). He holds the academic rank of professor and “All-Russian Honorable” title in the field of science and engineering. His contribution to the Encyclopedia is identified by the initials AIL following the article. Dr. Sergey A. Leonov is known in both Russia and the West as a bilingual radar expert. He started his radar career work- ing for Russian space programs; later he designed and tested shipborne and spaceborne radars, headed a research labora- tory in Moscow Aerospace Institute, and currently is with Raytheon Canada Limited. He is an author of Air Defense Radars (Voenizdat, 1988), coauthor (with A. I. Leonov) of Radar Test (Radio i Svyaz, 1990), and (with W. F. Barton) of the Russian-English and English-Russian Dictionary of Radar and Electronics (Artech House, 1993). He holds the academic rank of associate professor, “All-Russian Honor- able” title in the field of science and engineering, and a Senior Member of IEEE. His contribution to the Encyclopedia is identified by the initials SAL following the article. Dr. Ilya A. Morozov is a leading Russian expert on radar and microwave technology. He has participated in a series of pro- grams involving design and test of Russian state-of-the-art phased-array radars, and currently is a Senior Research Scien- tist at the Moscow Aerospace Institute. Dr. Morozov is a coauthor of a book Ships of National Control (Moskovskiy Litsey, 1991), and Sophisticated Radio Systems Performance Estimation (Mashinostroenie, 1993). His contribution to the Encyclopedia is identified by the initials IAM following the article.

xi INTRODUCTION The Radar Technology Encyclopedia is a joint product of leading United States and Russian radar experts with decades of experience on design, development, and test of state-of- the-art radar systems and technology. The Encyclopedia cov- ers the entire field of radar fundamentals, design, engineering, systems, subsystems, and major components. It contains about 5000 entries, each giving the depicted term definition, and, if applicable, the standard notation, brief description, evaluation formulas, relevant block diagrams, performance summary, and a reference to the literature in which the more detailed information is available. The purpose is to provide, in a single volume, the reference material for researchers and engineers in radar and related disciplines, representing the most modern information available in both the former Soviet Union and in the West. It includes an extensive bibliography of sources from both regions. This bibliography covers practi- cally all monographs and textbooks in radar and related sub- jects published after World War II in English (in the U.S.A. and England) and Russian (in the former Soviet Union) lan- guages that covers the overwhelming majority of the world- wide library of radar books. The Encyclopedia format is alphabetical by subject. It consists of top-level articles, which are identified with bold capital letters (e.g., MAGNETRON), and, if applicable, are followed by subarticles, which are identified in lowercase bold (e.g., rising-sun magnetron). The top-level articles are arranged in the way so the key word (typically, a noun) deter- mines its alphabetical position (e.g., microwave antenna is cited as ANTENNA, microwave, radar targets as TARGET, radar, data smoothing as SMOOTHING, data). Subarticles within a top-level article are given in a conventional word order typically used in literature and alphabetically arranged, for example: AMPLIFIER, microwave amplifier-attenuator amplifier chain aperiodic amplifier backward-wave tube amplifier balanced amplifier bandpass amplifier and so forth. The subarticles are alphabetized without regard to whether the qualifying adjective precedes or follows the main word: broadband antenna precedes antenna control. Within each article and subarticle, if applicable, the cross-reference to another subarticle is indicated in lower- case bold, e.g.: “The RCS of this type of clutter is calculated using the volume of the clutter cell Vc and the volume reflectiv- ity h v (see volume clutter). “ That subarticle is found alphabetically within the same top- level article, e.g., CLUTTER. If the cross-reference refers to another top-level article, then the name of this article is given in capital letters. For example, a reader is referred to an article NOISE, and will find that article alphabetically under N. Parentheses in the name of an article or subarticle mean that the word is optional. For example, phased array (antenna) means that the term is used both as phased array or phased array antenna. Square brackets mean that the word in the brackets can be used instead of the previous one. For example, bed of spikes [nails] ambiguity function means that the term is used as bed of spikes ambiguity func- tion or bed of nails ambiguity function. For definitions of terms, extensive use has been made of IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms and IEEE Standard Radar Definitions. The standard definitions reproduced from these dictionaries and other acknowledged sources are put into quotes. The Encyclopedia does not contain separate articles with the description and performance of concrete radar stations and facilities, because even brief description of the major radars developed through- out the world requires to provide additional volume as thick as this one. This information is systematized in Jane’s Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems, updated and issued annually, and the Encyclopedia does not duplicate this material. How- ever, where applicable, extensive examples of modern radars are provided.

xii Each article and subarticle contains references, primarily to textbooks, which are listed alphabetically by author in the Alphabetical Bibliography at the end of Encyclopedia. The combination of the surname of the first author and a year of edition identifies the cited book: Ref.: Skolnik (1980) refers to the book listed in the bibliography as: Skolnik, M. I., Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw- Hill, 1980; and the brief reference: Ref.: Barton (1969) identifies the book listed with both authors and two editions or publishers: Barton, D. K., and Ward, H. R., Handbook of Radar Mea- surement, Prentice-Hall, 1969; Artech House, 1984. In rare cases where there is no applicable textbook, reference is made to a professional journal article. Typically, each arti- cle is followed by references to the major current books, as listed in the Alphabetical Bibliography, and for the readers interested in a full bibliography on a corresponding subject the Bibliography by Subject is provided. It contains a full bib- liography list of the identifiable radar and radar-related books published during the last 50 years and is arranged in 35 sec- tions by subject. Within each section the books are given in chronological order, and alphabetically by author within one year. At the end of Encyclopedia is a list of the most common radar abbreviations and acronyms. The author of each article and subarticle is identified by the corresponding initials following the entry, when that entry exceeds a few lines of definition (see About the Authors). The original generation of the list of entries, compiling of the Bib- liography, and final editing of Encyclopedia material was done by David K. Barton and Sergey A. Leonov. David K. Barton and Sergey A. Leonov, Editors Use of Hypertext Links In this electronic edition of the Radar Technology Ency- clopedia, hypertext links have been added to transfer rapidly from one article to a related or referenced subject. The words or phrases from which links can be exercised appear in blue text. Clicking on any blue entry initiates an immediate trans- fer to the related entry. The program keeps track of the history of these transfers, and the reader can retrace steps by clicking in either the right or left page margins.

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