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Phased-Array Radar Design Application of Radar Fundamentals Phased-Array Radar Design Application of Radar Fundamentals This book is a concise yet complete treatment of the relationship between mission-level requirements and specific hardware and software requirements and capabilities. Although focusing on surface-based radars, the material is general enough to serve as a useful addition to books currently available for this purpose. It covers all phases of design and development, including the develop¬ment of initial concepts and overall system requirements, system architecture, hardware and software subsystem requirements, detailed algorithms and system integration and test. This book provides a wealth of information rarely covered in one book. It is unique in that it provides a “hands on” and “how to” perspective on applying radar theory to design and analysis. Rather than being a theory and derivations-type, this book is applications-oriented, making it different from other published works on this subject. Key Features – Reviews the key radar theory fundamentals and key concepts. – Provides detailed descriptions of major radar functions: search, track and target classification. – Presents numerous examples including: performance- driven radar requirements, mission-driven requirements and performance predictions. – Gives a rare treatment of resource management and waveform scheduling. – Presents in-depth coverage of radar data processing algorithms. – Displays modern radar architectures. – Overviews radar reference architectures for modern phased-array radars (more precisely, electronically- steered array (ESA) radars). – This 352 page book includes 15 chapters with many illustrations, and figures of fundamentals to show use of concepts. Tom Jeffrey with his dog, Tilly ISBN 978-1-891121-69-2 J e f f r e y P h a s e d - A r r a y R a d a r D e s g n i SciTech Publishing, Inc., Raleigh, NC scitechpublishing.com 9 7 8 1 8 9 1 1 2 1 6 9 2 Thomas W. Jeffrey

JeffreyBook Page i Wednesday, July 29, 2009 12:21 PM Phased-Array Radar Design

JeffreyBook Page ii Wednesday, July 29, 2009 12:21 PM

JeffreyBook Page iii Wednesday, July 29, 2009 12:21 PM Phased-Array Radar Design: Application of Radar Fundamentals Tom Jeffrey

JeffreyBook Page iv Wednesday, July 29, 2009 12:21 PM SciTech Publishing, Inc., 911 Paverstone Drive, Suite B Raleigh, NC 27615 919) 847-2434, fax (919) 847-2568 scitechpublishing.com. Copyright © 2009 by SciTech Publishing, Raleigh, NC All rights reserved. Published by SciTech Publishing, Raleigh, NC No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or other- wise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United Stated Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Dan- vers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, SciTech Publishing, Inc., 911 Paverstone Drive, Suite B, Raleigh, NC 27615, (919) 847-2434, fax (919) 847-2568, or email edi- tor@scitechpub.com. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accu- racy or completeness of the contents of this work and speciﬁcally disclaim all warranties, in- cluding without limitation warranties of ﬁtness for a particular purpose. Editor: Dudley R. Kay Production Director: Susan Manning Production Coordinator: Robert Lawless Cover Design: Kathy Palmisano Typesetting: J. K. Eckert & Co., Inc. The publisher and author would like to thank Raytheon for their generous cooperation. This book is available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information and quotes, please contact the publisher. ISBN: 9781891121692 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jeffrey, Tom, 1954– Phased-array radar design : application of radar fundamentals / Tom Jeffrey. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-891121-69-2 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Phased array antennas--Design and construction. 2. Radar. I. Title. TK6590.A6J44 2009 621.3848'3--dc22 2008042350

JeffreyBook Page v Wednesday, July 29, 2009 12:21 PM This book is dedicated to my wife, Marie, for her continued patience and support v

JeffreyBook Page vi Wednesday, July 29, 2009 12:21 PM

JeffreyBook Page vii Wednesday, July 29, 2009 12:21 PM Contents Preface Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Chapter 1 Radar Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1 1.2 Search and Track Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.3 Target Detection, Resolution, and Clutter Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1.3.1 Target Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1.3.2 Radar Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.3.3 Clutter Backscatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 1.4 Surveillance Radars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 1.4.1 Volume Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 1.5 Radar Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 1.6 Radar Range Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1.6.1 Jamming Effects on Signal-to-Noise Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 1.6.2 Other Forms of the Radar Range Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 1.6.2.1 Radar Range Equation for Volume Search. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 1.6.2.2 Radar Range Equation for Horizon Fence Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 1.6.2.3 Radar Range Equation for Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 1.6.2.4 Radar Range Equation Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 1.7 Detection in Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 1.7.1 Target Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 1.7.2 Detection and False Alarm Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 1.7.3 Detection in Thermal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 1.7.4 Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 1.7.5 Detection in Clutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 1.8 Resolution and Measurement Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 1.9 Tracking Radars and the Monopulse Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 1.10 Track-While-Scan Radars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 1.12 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Chapter 2 Target Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 2.1 2.2 Target Radio Frequency (RF) Scattering Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 2.3 Target Detection in Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 vii

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