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龙书dx11版，Introduction_to_3D_Game_Programming_with_Directx_11.pdf
Halftitle
License
Titlepage
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Intended Audience
Prerequisites
Required Development Tools and Hardware
Use of the D3DX Library
Using the DirectX SDK Documentation and SDK Samples
Clarity
Sample Programs and Online Supplements
Demo Project Setup in Visual Studio 2010
Create a Win32 Project
Linking the DirectX Libraries
Setting up the Search Paths
Adding the Source Code and Building the Project
PART I MATHEMATICAL PREREQUISITES
Chapter 1 Vector Algebra
1.1 Vectors
1.1.1 Vectors and Coordinate Systems
1.1.2 Left-Handed Versus Right-Handed Coordinate Systems
1.1.3 Basic Vector Operations
1.2 Length and Unit Vectors
1.3 The Dot Product
1.3.1 Orthogonalization
1.4 The Cross Product
1.4.1 Pseudo 2D Cross Product
1.4.2 Orthogonalization with the Cross Product
1.5 Points
1.6 XNA Math Vectors
1.6.1 Vector Types
1.6.2 Loading and Storage Methods
1.6.3 Parameter Passing
1.6.4 Constant Vectors
1.6.5 Overloaded Operators
1.6.6 Miscellaneous
1.6.7 Setter Functions
1.6.8 Vector Functions
1.6.9 Floating-Point Error
1.7 Summary
1.8 Exercises
Chapter 2 Matrix Algebra
2.1 Definition
2.2 Matrix Multiplication
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 Vector-Matrix Multiplication
2.2.3 Associativity
2.3 The Transpose of a Matrix
2.4 The Identity Matrix
2.5 The Determinant of a Matrix
2.5.1 Matrix Minors
2.5.2 Definition
2.6 The Adjoint of a Matrix
2.7 The Inverse of a Matrix
2.8 XNA Matrices
2.8.1 Matrix Types
2.8.2 Matrix Functions
2.8.3 XNA Matrix Sample Program
2.9 Summary
2.10 Exercises
Chapter 3 Transformations
3.1 Linear Transformations
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.2 Matrix Representation
3.1.3 Scaling
3.1.4 Rotation
3.2 Affine Transformations
3.2.1 Homogeneous Coordinates
3.2.2 Definition and Matrix Representation
3.2.2 Translation
3.2.3 Affine Matrices for Scaling and Rotation
3.2.4 Geometric Interpretation of an Affine Transformation Matrix.
3.3 Composition of Transformations
3.4 Change of Coordinate Transformations
3.4.1 Vectors
3.4.2 Points
3.4.3 Matrix Representation
3.4.4 Associativity and Change of Coordinate Matrices
3.4.5 Inverses and Change of Coordinate Matrices
3.5 Transformation Matrix versus Change of Coordinate Matrix
3.6 XNA Math Transformation Functions
3.7 Summary
3.8 Exercises
PART II DIRECT 3D FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 4 Direct3D Initialization
4.1 Preliminaries
4.1.1 Direct3D Overview
4.1.2 COM
4.1.3 Textures and Data Resource Formats
4.1.4 The Swap Chain and Page Flipping
4.1.5 Depth Buffering
4.1.6 Texture Resource Views
4.1.7 Multisampling Theory
4.1.8 Multisampling in Direct3D
4.1.9 Feature Levels
4.2 Initializing Direct3D
4.2.1 Create the Device and Context
4.2.2 Check 4X MSAA Quality Support
4.2.3 Describe the Swap Chain
4.2.4 Create the Swap Chain
4.2.5 Create the Render Target View
4.2.6 Create the Depth/Stencil Buffer and View
4.2.7 Bind the Views to the Output Merger Stage
4.2.8 Set the Viewport
4.3 Timing and Animation
4.3.1 The Performance Timer
4.3.2 Game Timer Class
4.3.3 Time Elapsed Between Frames
4.3.4 Total Time
4.4 The Demo Application Framework
4.4.1 D3DApp
4.4.2 Non-Framework Methods
4.4.3 Framework Methods
4.4.4 Frame Statistics
4.4.5 The Message Handler
4.4.6 Going Full Screen
4.4.7 The “Init Direct3D” Demo
4.5 Debugging Direct3D Applications
4.6 Summary
4.7 Exercises
Chapter 5 The Rendering Pipeline
5.1 The 3D Illusion
5.2 Model Representation
5.3 Basic Computer Color
5.3.1 Color Operations
5.3.2 128-Bit Color
5.3.3 32-Bit Color
5.4 Overview of the Rendering Pipeline
5.5 The Input Assembler Stage
5.5.1 Vertices
5.5.2 Primitive Topology
5.5.2.1 Point List
5.5.2.2 Line Strip
5.5.2.3 Line List
5.5.2.4 Triangle Strip
5.5.2.5 Triangle List
5.5.2.6 Primitives with Adjacency
5.5.2.7 Control Point Patch List
5.5.3 Indices
5.6 The Vertex Shader Stage
5.6.1 Local Space and World Space
5.6.2 View Space
5.6.3 Projection and Homogeneous Clip Space
5.6.3.1 Denning a Frustum
5.6.3.2 Projecting Vertices
5.6.3.3 Normalized Device Coordinates (NDC)
5.6.3.4 Writing the Projection Equation with a Matrix
5.6.3.5 Normalized Depth Value
5.6.3.6 XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH
5.7 The Tessellation Stages
5.8 The Geometry Shader Stage
5.9 Clipping
5.10 The Rasterization Stage
5.10.1 Viewport Transform
5.10.2 Backface Culling
5.10.3 Vertex Attribute Interpolation
5.11 The Pixel Shader Stage
5.12 The Output Merger Stage
5.13 Summary
5.14 Exercises
Chapter 6 Drawing in Direct3D
6.1 Vertices and Input Layouts
6.2 Vertex Buffers
6.3 Indices and Index Buffers
6.4 Example Vertex Shader
6.5 Constant Buffers
6.6 Example Pixel Shader
6.7 Render States
6.8 Effects
6.8.1 Effect Files
6.8.2 Compiling Shaders
6.8.3 Interfacing with Effects from the C++ Application
6.8.4 Using Effects to Draw
6.8.5 Compiling an Effect at Build Time
6.8.6 The Effects Framework as a "Shader Generator"
6.8.7 What the Assembly Looks Like
6.9 Box Demo
6.10 Hills Demo
6.10.1 Generating the Grid Vertices
6.10.2 Generating the Grid Indices
6.10.3 Applying the Height Function
6.11 Shapes Demo
6.11.1 Generating a Cylinder Mesh
6.11.1.1 Cylinder Side Geometry
6.11.1.2 Cap Geometry
6.11.2 Generating a Sphere Mesh
6.11.3 Generating a Geosphere Mesh
6.11.4 Demo Code
6.12 Loading Geometry from the File
6.13 Dynamic Vertex Buffers
6.14 Summary
6.15 Exercises
Chapter 7 Lighting
7.1 Light and Material Interaction
7.2 Normal Vectors
7.2.1 Computing Normal Vectors
7.2.2 Transforming Normal Vectors
7.3 Lambert’s Cosine Law
7.4 Diffuse Lighting
7.5 Ambient Lighting
7.6 Specular Lighting
7.7 Brief Recap
7.8 Specifying Materials
7.9 Parallel Lights
7.10 Point Lights
7.10.1 Attenuation
7.10.2 Range
7.11 Spotlights
7.12 Implementation
7.12.1 Lighting Structures
7.12.2 Structure Packing
7.12.3 Implementing Directional Lights
7.12.4 Implementing Point Lights
7.12.5 Implementing Spotlights
7.13 Lighting Demo
7.13.1 Effect File
7.13.2 C++ Application Code
7.13.3 Normal Computation
7.14 Lit Skull Demo
7.15 Summary
7.16 Exercises
Chapter 8 Texturing
8.1 Texture and Resource Recap
8.2 Texture Coordinates
8.3 Creating and Enabling a Texture
8.4 Filters
8.4.1 Magnification
8.4.2 Minification
8.4.2.1 Creating of Mipmaps
8.4.3 Anisotropic Filtering
8.5 Sampling Textures
8.6 Textures and Materials
8.7 Crate Demo
8.7.1 Specifying Texture Coordinates
8.7.2 Creating the Texture
8.7.3 Setting the Texture
8.7.4 Updated Basic Effect
8.8 Address Modes
8.9 Transforming Textures
8.10 Textured Hills and Waves Demo
8.10.1 Grid Texture Coordinate Generation
8.10.2 Texture Tiling
8.10.3 Texture Animation
8.11 Compressed Texture Formats
8.12 Summary
8.13 Exercises
Chapter 9 Blending
9.1 The Blending Equation
9.2 Blend Operations
9.3 Blend Factors
9.4 Blend State
9.5 Examples
9.5.1 No Color Write
9.5.2 Adding/Subtracting
9.5.3 Multiplying
9.5.4 Transparency
9.5.5 Blending and the Depth Buffer
9.6 Alpha Channels
9.7 Clipping Pixels
9.8 Fog
9.9 Summary
9.10 Exercises
Chapter 10 Stenciling
10.1 Depth/Stencil Formats and Clearing
10.2 The Stencil Test
10.3 The Depth/Stencil State Block
10.3.1 Depth Settings
10.3.2 Stencil Settings
10.3.3 Creating and Binding a Depth/Stencil State
10.3.4 Depth/Stencil States in Effect Files
10.4 Implementing Planar Mirrors
10.4.1 Mirror Overview
10.4.2 Defining the Mirror Depth/Stencil States
10.4.3 Drawing the Scene
10.4.4 Winding Order and Reflections
10.5 Implementing Planar Shadows
10.5.1 Parallel Light Shadows
10.5.2 Point Light Shadows
10.5.3 General Shadow Matrix
10.5.4 Using the Stencil Buffer to Prevent Double Blending
10.5.5 Shadow Code
10.6 Summary
10.7 Exercises
Chapter 11 The Geometry Shader
11.1 Programming Geometry Shaders
11.2 Tree Billboards Demo
11.2.1 Overview
11.2.2 Vertex Structure
11.2.3 The Effect File
11.2.4 SV_PrimitiveID
11.3 Texture Arrays
11.3.1 Overview
11.3.2 Sampling a Texture Array
11.3.3 Loading Texture Arrays
11.3.4 Texture Subresources
11.4 Alpha-To-Coverage
11.5 Summary
11.6 Exercises
Chapter 12 The Compute Shader
12.1 Threads and Thread Groups
12.2 A Simple Compute Shader
12.3 Data Input and Output Resources
12.3.1 Texture Inputs
12.3.2 Texture Outputs and Unordered
12.3.3 Indexing and Sampling Textures
12.3.4 Structured Buffer Resources
12.3.5 Copying CS Results to System Memory
12.4 Thread Identification System Values
12.5 Append and Consume Buffers
12.6 Shared Memory and Synchronization
12.7 Blur Demo
12.7.1 Blurring Theory
12.7.2 Render-to-Texture
12.7.3 Blur Implementation Overview
12.7.4 Compute Shader Program
12.8 Further Resources
12.9 Summary
12.10 Exercises
Chapter 13 The Tessellation Stages
13.1 Tessellation Primitive Types
13.1.1 Tessellation and the Vertex Shader
13.2 The Hull Shader
13.2.1 Constant Hull Shader
13.2.2 Control Point Hull Shader
13.3 The Tessellation Stage
13.3.1 Quad Patch Tessellation Examples
13.3.2 Triangle Patch Tessellation Examples
13.4 The Domain Shader
13.5 Tessellating a Quad
13.6 Cubic Bézier Quad Patches
13.6.1 Bézier Curves
13.6.2 Cubic Bézier Surfaces
13.6.3 Cubic Bézier Surface Evaluation Code
13.6.4 Defining the Patch Geometry
13.7 Summary
13.8 Exercises
PART III TOPICS
Chapter 14 Building a First Person Camera ,
14.1 View Transform Review
14.2 The Camera Class
14.3 Selected Method Implementations
14.3.1 XMVECTOR Return Variations
14.3.2 SetLens
14.3.3 Derived Frustum Info
14.3.4 Transforming the Camera
14.3.5 Building the View Matrix
14.4 Camera Demo Comments
14.5 Summary
14.6 Exercises
Chapter 15 Instancing and Frustum Culling
15.1 Hardware Instancing
15.1.1 The Vertex Shader
15.1.2 Streaming Instanced Data
15.1.3 Drawing Instanced Data
15.1.4 Creating the Instanced Buffer
15.2 Bounding Volumes and Frustums
15.2.1 XNA Collision
15.2.2 Boxes
15.2.2.1 Rotations and Axis-Aligned Bounding Boxes
15.2.3 Spheres
15.2.4 Frustums
15.2.4.1 Constructing the Frustum Planes
15.2.4.2 Frustum/Sphere Intersection
15.2.4.3 Frustum/AABB Intersection
15.3 Frustum Culling
15.4 Summary
15.5 Exercises
Chapter 16 Picking
16.1 Screen to Projection Window Transform
16.2 World/Local Space Picking Ray
16.3 Ray/Mesh Intersection
16.3.1 Ray/AABB Intersection
16.3.2 Ray/Sphere Intersection
16.3.3 Ray/Triangle Intersection
16.4 Demo Application
16.5 Summary
16.6 Exercises
Chapter 17 Cube Mapping
17.1 Cube Mapping
17.2 Environment Maps
17.2.1 Loading and Using Cube Maps in Direct3D
17.3 Texturing a Sky
17.4 Modeling Reflections
17.5 Dynamic Cube Maps
17.5.1 Building the Cube Map and Render Target Views
17.5.2 Building the Depth Buffer and Viewport
17.5.3 Setting up the Cube Map Camera
17.5.4 Drawing into the Cube Map
17.6 Dynamic Cube Maps with the Geometry Shader
17.7 Summary
17.8 Exercises
Chapter 18 Normal Mapping and Displacement Mapping …..
18.1 Motivation
18.2 Normal Maps
18.3 Texture/Tangent Space
18.4 Vertex Tangent Space
18.5 Transforming Between Tangent Space and Object Space
18.6 Normal Mapping Shader Code
18.7 Displacement Mapping
18.8 Displacement Mapping Shader Code
18.8.1 Primitive Type
18.8.2 Vertex Shader
18.8.3 Hull Shader
18.8.4 Domain Shader
18.9 Summary
18.10 Exercises
Chapter 19 Terrain Rendering
19.1 Heightmaps
19.1.1 Creating a Heightmap
19.1.2 Loading a RAW File
19.1.3 Smoothing
19.1.4 Heightmap Shader Resource View
19.2 Terrain Tessellation
19.2.1 Grid Construction
19.2.2 Terrain Vertex Shader
19.2.3 Tessellation Factors
19.2.4 Displacement Mapping
19.2.5 Tangent and Normal Vector Estimation
19.3 Frustum Culling Patches
19.4 Texturing
19.5 Terrain Height
19.6 Summary
19.7 Exercises
Chapter 20 Particle Systems and Stream-Out
20.1 Particle Representation
20.2 Particle Motion
20.3 Randomness
20.4 Blending and Particle Systems
20.5 Stream-Out
20.5.1 Creating a Geometry Shader for Stream-Out
20.5.2 Stream-Out Only
20.5.3 Creating a Vertex Buffer for Stream-Out
20.5.4 Binding to the SO Stage
20.5.5 Unbinding from the Stream-Out Stage
20.5.6 Auto Draw
20.5.7 Ping-Ponging Vertex Buffers
20.6 GPU Based Particle System
20.6.1 Particle Effects
20.6.2 The Particle System Class
20.6.3 Emitter Particles
20.6.4 The Initialization Vertex Buffer
20.6.5 The Update/Draw Method
20.7 Fire
20.8 Rain
20.9 Summary
20.10 Exercises
Chapter 21 Shadow Mapping
21.1 Rendering Scene Depth
21.2 Orthographic Projections
21.3 Projective Texture Coordinates
21.3.1 Code Implementation
21.3.2 Points Outside the Frustum
21.3.3 Orthographic Projections
21.4 Shadow Mapping
21.4.1 Algorithm Description
21.4.2 Biasing and Aliasing
21.4.3 PCF Filtering
21.4.4 Building the Shadow Map
21.4.5 The Shadow Factor
21.4.6 The Shadow Map Test
21.4.7 Rendering the Shadow Map
21.5 Large PCF Kernels
21.5.1 The DDX and DDY Functions
21.5.2 Solution to the Large PCF Kernel Problem
21.5.3 An Alternative Solution to the Large PCF Kernel Problem..
21.6 Summary
21.7 Exercises
Chapter 22 Ambient Occlusion
22.1 Ambient Occlusion via Ray Casting
22.2 Screen Space Ambient Occlusion
22.2.1 Render Normals and Depth Pass
22.2.2 Ambient Occlusion Pass
22.2.2.1 Reconstruct View Space Position
22.2.2.2 Generate Random Samples
22.2.2.3 Generate the Potential Occluding Points
22.2.2.4 Perform the Occlusion Test
22.2.2.5 Finishing the Calculation
22.2.2.6 Implementation
22.2.3 Blur Pass
22.2.4 Using the Ambient Occlusion Map
22.3 Summary
22.4 Exercises
Chapter 23 Meshes
23.1 m3d Format
23.1.1 Header
23.1.2 Materials
23.1.3 Subsets
23.1.4 Vertices and Triangle Indices
23.2 Mesh Geometry
23.3 Basic Model
23.4 Mesh Viewer Demo
23.5 Summary
23.6 Exercises
Chapter 24 Quaternions
24.1 Review of the Complex Numbers
24.1.1 Definitions
24.1.2 Geometric Interpretation
24.1.3 Polar Representation and Rotations
24.2 Quaternion Algebra
24.2.1 Definition and Basic Operations
24.2.2 Special Products
24.2.3 Properties
24.2.4 Conversions
24.2.5 Conjugate and Norm
24.2.6 Inverses
24.2.7 Polar Representation
24.3 Unit Quaternions and Rotations
24.3.1 Rotation Operator
24.3.2 Quaternion Rotation Operator to Matrix
24.3.3 Matrix to Quaternion Rotation Operator
24.3.4 Composition
24.4 Quaternion Interpolation
24.5 XNA Math Quaternion Functions
24.6 Rotation Demo
24.7 Summary
24.8 Exercises
Chapter 25 Character Animation
25.1 Frame Hierarchies
25.1.1 Mathematical Formulation
25.2 Skinned Meshes
25.2.1 Definitions
25.2.2 Reformulating a Bones To-Root Transform
25.2.3 The Offset Transform
25.2.4 Animating the Skeleton
25.2.5 Calculating the Final Transform
25.3 Vertex Blending
25.4 Loading .m3d Animation Data
25.4.1 Skinned Vertex Data
25.4.2 Bone Offset Transforms
25.4.3 Hierarchy
25.4.4 Animation Data
25.4.5 M3DLoader
25.5 Character Animation Demo
25.6 Summary
25.7 Exercises
Appendix A: Introduction to Windows Programming
A.l Overview
A.1.1 Resources
A.1.2 Events, the Message Queue, Messages, and the Message Loop…
A.1.3 GUI
A.1.4 Unicode
A.2 Basic Windows Application
A.3 Explaining the Basic Windows Application
A.3.1 Includes, Global Variables, and Prototypes
A.3.2 WinMain
A.3.3 WNDCLASS and Registration
A.3.4 Creating and Displaying the Window
A.3.5 The Message Loop
A.3.6 The Window Procedure
A.3.7 The MessageBox Function
A.4 A Better Message Loop
A.5 Summary
A.6 Exercises
Appendix B: High Level Shader Language Reference
Variable Types
Scalar Types
Vector Types
Swizzles
Matrix Types
Arrays
Structures
The typedef Keyword
Variable Prefixes
Casting
Keywords and Operators
Keywords
Operators
Program Flow
Functions
User-Defined Functions
Built-in Functions
Appendix C: Some Analytic Geometry
C.1 Rays, Lines, and Segments
C.2 Parallelograms
C.3 Triangles
C.4 Planes
C.4.1 XNA Math Planes
C.4.2 Point/Plane Spatial Relation
C.4.3 Construction
C.4.4 Normalizing a Plane
C.4.5 Transforming a Plane
C.4.6 Nearest Point on a Plane to a Given Point
C.4.7 Ray/Plane Intersection
C.4.8 Reflecting Vectors
C.4.9 Reflecting Points
C.4.10 Reflection Matrix
C.5 Exercises
Appendix D: Solutions to Exercises
Bibliography and Further Reading
Index
Introduction to
3D GAME PROGRAMMING
WITH DIRECTX® 11
Introduction to
3D GAME PROGRAMMING
WITH DIRECTX® 11
Frank D. Luna
MERCURY LEARNING AND INFORMATION
Dulles, Virginia
Boston, Massachusetts
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To my nieces and nephews,
Marrick, Hans, Max, Anna, Augustus, and Presley
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Intended Audience
Prerequisites
Required Development Tools and Hardware
Use of the D3DX Library
Using the DirectX SDK Documentation and SDK Samples
Clarity
Sample Programs and Online Supplements
Demo Project Setup in Visual Studio 2010
Create a Win32 Project
Linking the DirectX Libraries
Setting up the Search Paths
Adding the Source Code and Building the Project
PART I MATHEMATICAL PREREQUISITES
Chapter 1 Vector Algebra
1.1 Vectors
1.1.1 Vectors and Coordinate Systems
1.1.2 Left-Handed Versus Right-Handed Coordinate Systems
1.1.3 Basic Vector Operations
1.2 Length and Unit Vectors
1.3 The Dot Product
1.3.1 Orthogonalization
1.4 The Cross Product
1.4.1 Pseudo 2D Cross Product
1.4.2 Orthogonalization with the Cross Product
1.5 Points
1.6 XNA Math Vectors
1.6.1 Vector Types
1.6.2 Loading and Storage Methods
1.6.3 Parameter Passing
1.6.4 Constant Vectors
1.6.5 Overloaded Operators
1.6.6 Miscellaneous
1.6.7 Setter Functions
1.6.8 Vector Functions
1.6.9 Floating-Point Error
1.7 Summary
1.8 Exercises
Chapter 2 Matrix Algebra
2.1 Definition
2.2 Matrix Multiplication
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 Vector-Matrix Multiplication
2.2.3 Associativity
2.3 The Transpose of a Matrix
2.4 The Identity Matrix
2.5 The Determinant of a Matrix
2.5.1 Matrix Minors
2.5.2 Definition
2.6 The Adjoint of a Matrix
2.7 The Inverse of a Matrix
2.8 XNA Matrices
2.8.1 Matrix Types
2.8.2 Matrix Functions
2.8.3 XNA Matrix Sample Program
2.9 Summary
2.10 Exercises
Chapter 3 Transformations
3.1 Linear Transformations
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.2 Matrix Representation
3.1.3 Scaling
3.1.4 Rotation
3.2 Affine Transformations
3.2.1 Homogeneous Coordinates
3.2.2 Definition and Matrix Representation
3.2.2 Translation
3.2.3 Affine Matrices for Scaling and Rotation
3.2.4 Geometric Interpretation of an Affine Transformation Matrix.
3.3 Composition of Transformations
3.4 Change of Coordinate Transformations
3.4.1 Vectors
3.4.2 Points
3.4.3 Matrix Representation
3.4.4 Associativity and Change of Coordinate Matrices
3.4.5 Inverses and Change of Coordinate Matrices
3.5 Transformation Matrix versus Change of Coordinate Matrix
3.6 XNA Math Transformation Functions
3.7 Summary
3.8 Exercises
PART II DIRECT 3D FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 4 Direct3D Initialization
4.1 Preliminaries
4.1.1 Direct3D Overview
4.1.2 COM
4.1.3 Textures and Data Resource Formats
4.1.4 The Swap Chain and Page Flipping
4.1.5 Depth Buffering
4.1.6 Texture Resource Views
4.1.7 Multisampling Theory
4.1.8 Multisampling in Direct3D
4.1.9 Feature Levels
4.2 Initializing Direct3D
4.2.1 Create the Device and Context
4.2.2 Check 4X MSAA Quality Support
4.2.3 Describe the Swap Chain
4.2.4 Create the Swap Chain
4.2.5 Create the Render Target View
4.2.6 Create the Depth/Stencil Buffer and View
4.2.7 Bind the Views to the Output Merger Stage
4.2.8 Set the Viewport
4.3 Timing and Animation
4.3.1 The Performance Timer
4.3.2 Game Timer Class
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