Object Thinking 无水印原版pdf.pdf

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Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

A Different (and Possibly Controversial) Kind of Software Book

Paths and Destinations

Who Should Read This Book

How This Book Is Organized

Introduction

Curiosities

The "People Issue"

The Need for Better Developers

Producing Better Developers

Object Thinking

XP and Object Thinking

1: Object Thinking

Observing the Object Difference

Object Thinking = Think Like an Object

Problem = Solution

Object Thinking and Agile Development Practices

Values

Selected Practices

Thinking Is Key

Software Development Is a Cultural Activity

Onward

2: Philosophical Context

Philosophy Made Manifest—Dueling Languages

SIMULA

C++

Smalltalk

Formalism and Hermeneutics

Postmodern Critiques

3: From Philosophy to Culture

Four Presuppositions

One: Everything is an object.

Two: Simulation of a problem domain drives object discovery and definition.

Three: Objects must be composable.

Four: Distributed cooperation and communication must replace hierarchical centralized control as an organizational paradigm.

Object Principles—Software Principles

Cooperating Cultures

4: Metaphor: Bridge to the Unfamiliar

The Lego Brick Metaphor

The Object-as-Person Metaphor

Software as Theater; Programmers as Directors

Ants, Not Autocrats

Two Human-Derived Metaphors

Inheritance

Responsibility

Thinking Like an Object

5: Vocabulary: Words to Think With

Essential Terms

Object

Responsibility

Message

Interface (Protocol)

Extension Terms

Collaboration and Collaborator

Class

Class Hierarchy (Library)

Abstract/Concrete

Inheritance

Delegation

Polymorphism

Encapsulation

Component

Framework

Pattern

Implementation Terms

Method

Variable

Late/Dynamic Binding

Auxiliary Concepts

Domain

Business Requirement

Business Process Reengineering

Application

6: Method, Process, and Models

Two Decades of Object Methodology

Purpose and Use of Method

A Syncretic Approach

Models

Semantic Net

Object Cubes

Interaction Diagram

Static Relation Diagram

Object State Chart

7: Discovery

Domain Understanding

Domain Anthropology

Object Definition

Heuristics

8: Thinking Toward Design

Object Internals

Knowledge Required

Message Protocol

Message Contracts

State Change Notification

Object Appearance

Occasions Requiring an Appearance

Object State, Object Constraints

9: All the World's a Stage

Static Relationships

Is-a-Kind-of Relationship

Collaborates-with Relationship

Situational Relationship

Dynamic Relationships

Scripts

Event Dispatching

Constraints

Self-Evaluating Rules

Implementation

Methods

Knowledge Maintenance Objects

Development at the Speed of Thought

10: Wrapping Up

Vexations

The Impedance Mismatch Problem

A Problem with GUIs

Extensions

Frameworks

Object-Based Evocative Architecture

Provocation—The Future of Objects

Bibliography

Index

B, C

E, F

G, H

I, J, K, L, M

N, O

Q, R

T, U, V

W, X, Y

About the Author

PUBLISHED BY Microsoft Press A Division of Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 Copyright © 2004 by David West All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending. Printed and bound in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWE 8 7 6 5 4 3 Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress. Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com. Microsoft, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, Visual Studio, and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. This book expresses the author’s views and opinions. The information contained in this book is provided without any express, statutory, or implied warranties. Neither the authors, Microsoft Corporation, nor its resellers or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book. Acquisitions Editor: Robin Van Steenburgh and Linda Engelman Project Editor: Denise Bankaitis and Devon Musgrave Indexer: Shawn Peck Body Part No. X10-25675

Table of Contents Acknowledgments Preface Introduction Object Thinking 1 Observing the Object Difference Object Thinking = Think Like an Object Problem = Solution Object Thinking and Agile Development Practices Values Selected Practices Thinking Is Key Software Development Is a Cultural Activity Onward 2 Philosophical Context Philosophy Made Manifest—Dueling Languages SIMULA C++ Smalltalk Formalism and Hermeneutics Postmodern Critiques 3 From Philosophy to Culture Four Presuppositions One: Everything is an object. Two: Simulation of a problem domain drives object discovery and definition. Three: Objects must be composable. Four: Distributed cooperation and communication must replace hierarchical centralized control as an organizational paradigm. Object Principles—Software Principles Cooperating Cultures vii ix xvii 1 2 12 16 18 19 22 24 25 30 33 36 38 41 43 48 58 63 66 66 71 78 81 83 87 iii

iv Table of Contents 4 Metaphor: Bridge to the Unfamiliar The Lego Brick Metaphor The Object-as-Person Metaphor Software as Theater; Programmers as Directors Ants, Not Autocrats Two Human-Derived Metaphors Inheritance Responsibility Thinking Like an Object 5 Vocabulary: Words to Think With Essential Terms Object Responsibility Message Interface (Protocol) Extension Terms Collaboration and Collaborator Class Class Hierarchy (Library) Abstract/Concrete Inheritance Delegation Polymorphism Encapsulation Component Framework Pattern Implementation Terms Method Variable Late/Dynamic Binding 91 96 101 108 112 113 114 115 116 117 121 121 123 128 129 130 130 130 132 133 133 139 140 141 142 142 143 145 145 145 146

Auxiliary Concepts Domain Business Requirement Business Process Reengineering Application 6 Method, Process, and Models Two Decades of Object Methodology Purpose and Use of Method A Syncretic Approach Models Semantic Net Object Cubes Interaction Diagram Static Relation Diagram Object State Chart 7 Discovery Domain Understanding Domain Anthropology Object Definition Heuristics 8 Thinking Toward Design Object Internals Knowledge Required Message Protocol Message Contracts State Change Notification Object Appearance Occasions Requiring an Appearance Object State, Object Constraints Table of Contents v 147 147 149 149 149 151 153 159 164 168 169 173 175 178 181 183 185 186 200 212 219 220 221 227 234 236 240 241 245

vi Table of Contents 9 All the World’s a Stage Static Relationships Is-a-Kind-of Relationship Collaborates-with Relationship Situational Relationship Dynamic Relationships Scripts Event Dispatching Constraints Self-Evaluating Rules Implementation Methods Knowledge Maintenance Objects Development at the Speed of Thought 10 Wrapping Up Vexations The Impedance Mismatch Problem A Problem with GUIs Extensions Frameworks Object-Based Evocative Architecture Provocation—The Future of Objects Bibliography Index 247 251 251 254 256 273 274 277 281 282 286 287 288 291 293 294 294 297 299 299 302 305 309 321

Acknowledgments One name appears on the cover as author of this book, hiding the fact that every book is a collaborative effort involving scores of contributors. Although it is impossible to acknowledge and thank everyone who played a role, I can and must name some individuals. Each is owed my personal thanks, and each stands as a proxy for many others whom I acknowledge in my mind and heart. Mary—without whom this would never have been done. My muse, my friend, my spouse of twenty-one years. Maurine, Bob, Sara, Ryan, and Kathleen—my family, whose support was required and freely given. Kevin—the best programmer with whom I have ever worked. You proved, sometimes after a lot of discussion as to why it was impossible, that my crazy ideas could be implemented. Tom, Pam, Don, Dion, Julie, Kyle, Dave, Steve, and J.P.—our initial con- tact was as student and professor, but you became colleagues and friends and represent the hundreds of St. Thomas alumni who helped shape object thinking and then applied it in the real world with notable success. Tom and Ken—your technical review, insightful comments, correction of errors, and honest advice were invaluable. This would not have been as useful a book without your assistance. Linda, Devon, Denise, Robin, Shawn, Joel, Sandi, and Elizabeth—the editors and staff at Microsoft Press who smoothly dealt with all the technical aspects of getting a book out the door (including an author with deadline issues). An author could not have found a friendlier, more helpful, or more professional group of editors and craftspeople with whom to work. vii

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