1998年专业英语八级考试真题.doc

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1998 年专业英语八级考试真题 TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(1998) -GRADEEIGHT- PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(40MIN) Directions:InSectionsA,BandCyouwillheareverythingonceonly.Listencarefullyandthe nanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthecorrectresponseforeachquestiononyourColore dAnswerSheet. SECTIONATALK Question1to5refertothetalkinthissection.Attheendofthetalkyouwillbegiven15second stoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions. Nowlistentothetalk. 1.Accordingtothetalk,compulsivegamblingandalcoholicaddictionsharesimilaritiesbe cause________. A.noactualfigureofaddictshasbeenreported B.noscientificstudieshaveyieldedeffectivesolutions C.bothaffectallsectorsofsociety D.bothcauseseriousmentalhealthproblems 2.Thedevelopmentofthegamblingcompulsioncanbedescribedasbeing ________. A.gradual B.slow C.periodic D.radical 3.G.A.mentionedinthetalkisbelievedtobea(n)________ A.anonymousgroup B.charityorganization C.gamblers'club D.treatmentcentre 4.Attheendofthetalk,thespeaker'sattitudetowardsthecureofgamblingaddictionis____ ____. A.unclear B.uncertain C.optimistic D.pessimistic 5.Throughoutthetalk,thespeakerexaminestheissueofgamblingina________ way. A.balanced B.biased C.detached D.lengthy SECTIONBINTERVIEW Question6to10arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven15second stoanswereachofthefollowingquestion.

Nowlistentotheinterview. 6.Whatstrikesthewomanmostaboutthemalerobberishis________. A.clothes B.age C.physique D.appearance 7.Themostdetailedinformationaboutthewomanrobberisher________. A.manners B.talkativeness C.height D.jewelry 8.Theintervieweeisbelievedtobeabank________. A.receptionist B.manager C.customer D.cashier 9.WhichofthefollowingaboutthetworobbersisNOTtrue? A.Bothwerewearingdarksweaters. B.Neitherwaswearingglasses. C.Bothwereaboutthesameage. D.Oneofthemwasmarkedbyascar. 10.Aftertheincidenttheintervieweesounded________. A.calmandquiet B.nervousandnumb C.timidandconfused D.shockedandangry SECTIONCNEWSBROADCAST Questions11and12arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitems,youwillbegive n30secondstoanswerthequestions. 11.Accordingtothenews,theenormousfoodshortageinIraqhasthemostdamagingeffectonit s________. A.nationaleconomy B.adultpopulation C.youngchildren D.nationalcurrency 12.TheWFPisappealingtodonornationsto________. A.doublelastyear'sfood-aid B.raise'122millionforIraqipeople C.provideeachIraqifamilywith'26amonth D.helpIraq's12millionpopulation Question13isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven15secon dstoanswerthequestion. 13.Asaresultoftheagreement,thetwocountries'arsenalsaretobe________.A.upgradedin reliabilityandsafety

B.reducedinsizeandnumber C.dismantledpartlylaterthisyear D.maintainedintheirpresentconditions Questions14and15arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven 30secondstoanswerthequestions. 14.Wecaninferfromthenewsthat________ofteenagersundersurveyin1993weredrugusers. A.28%. B.22%. C.25%. D.21%. 15.ThefollowingstatementsarecorrectEXCEPT________. A.Parentsareaskedtojoinintheanti-drugefforts. B.TheuseofbothcocaineandLSDareontheincrease. C.Teenagersholdadifferentviewofdrugstoday. D.Marijuanaisaspowerfulasitusedtobe. SECTIONDNOTE-TAKING&GAP-FILLING Inthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONLYONCE.Whilelisten ingtothelecture,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwi llneedthemtocompletea15-minutegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONEaftertheminilectur e.Usetheblanksheetfornote-taking. FillineachofthegapswithONEword.Youmayrefertoyournotes.Makesurethewordyoufillini sbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable. TheRiseofRP Historicalreasons ReceivedPronunciation(RP)wasoriginallyassociatedwitha16 spokenintheregionbetweencentralEnglandandLondon,includingOxfordand Cambridge.Itssurvivalwasduetoitsusebythe17inthe14thcentury andbyuniversitystudentsinthe18Ages. Itsriseinimportanceresultedfromitsapplicationingovernmentandofficialdocuments. Theprestigeofits19patternofpronunciationcameaboutwithits usein20schoolsinthe19thcentury. Asaresult,its21isacceptedbyTelevisionandtheradio,theprofessionsandteachingEngli shasaforeignlanguage. ThreecharacteristicsofRP 1)itsspeakersdon'tregardthemselvesasconnectedwithanygeographical region; 2)RPislargelyusedinEngland; 3)RPisa'class'accent,associatedwith22socialclasses. Itspresentstatus DeclineintheprestigeofRPistheresultofa)lossofmonopolyof educationbytheprivileged;b)23ofhighereducationinthepost-war period. However,itstillretainsitseminenceamongcertainprofessionalpeople. Thereisariseinthestatusofall24accents.

Wearemovingtowardsthe25position:generalacceptanceofall regionalaccentsandabsenceofaclassaccentthattranscendsallregions. PARTIIPROOFREADINGANDERRORCORRECTION(15MIN) ThepassagecontainsTENerrors.EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Ineachc ase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowin gway: Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneinthe blankprovidedattheendoftheline. Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha"∧"sign andwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblank providedattheendoftheline. Foraunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash"/"andputthe wordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline. EXAMPLE When∧artmuseumwantsanewexhibit,(1)an itnever╱buysthingsinfinishedformandhangs(2)never themonthewall.Whenanaturalhistory museumwantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit.(3)exhibit Whenahumaninfantisbornintoanycommunityinanypartoftheworldithastwothingsincommon withanyinfant,providedneitherofthemhavebeendamagedinanywayeitherbeforeorduringb irth.Firstly,andmostobviously,newbornchildrenarecompletelyhelpless.Apartfromapo werfulcapacitytopayattentiontotheirhelplessnessbyusingsound,thereisnothingthene wbornchildcandotoensurehisownsurvival.Withoutcarefromsomeotherhumanbeingorbeing s,beitmother,grandmother,orhumangroup,achildisveryunlikelytosurvive.Thishelples snessofhumaninfantsisinmarkedcontrastwiththecapacityofmanynewbornanimalstogeton theirfeetwithinminutesofbirthandrunwiththeherdwithinafewhours.Althoughyounganim alsarecertainlyinrisk,sometimesforweeksorevenmonthsafterbirth,comparedwiththe humaninfanttheyveryquicklygrowthecapacitytofendforthem.Itisduringthisverylongpe riodinwhichthehumaninfantistotallydependentontheothersthatitrevealsthesecondfea turewhichitshareswithallotherundamagedhumaninfants,acapacitytolearnlanguage.For thisreason,biologistsnowsuggestthatlanguagebe"speciesspecific"tothehumanrace,th atistosay,theyconsiderthehumaninfanttobegeneticprogrammedinsuchwaythatitcanacqu irelanguage. Thissuggestionimpliesthatjustashumanbeingsaredesignedtoseethree-dimensionallyan dincolour,andjustastheyaredesignedtostanduprightratherthantomoveonallfours,soth eyaredesignedtolearnanduselanguageaspartoftheirnormaldevelopmentsaswell-formedh umanbeings. PARTIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(40MIN) SECTIONA:READINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN) Directions:Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyfifteenmultiple-ch oicequestions.ReadthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyourAnswerSheet. TEXTA

STAYINGHEALTHYONHOLIDAY Dopeoplewhochoosetogoonexotic,far-flungholidaysdeservefreehealthadvicebeforethe ytravel?Andeveniftheypay,whoensuresthattheygetgood, up-to-dateinformation?Who,forthatmatter,shouldcollectthatinformationinthefirstp lace?Foravarietyofreasons,travelmedicineinBritainisaresponsibilitynobodywants.A saresult,manytravelersgoabroadillpreparedtoavoidseriousdisease. Whyistravelmedicinesounloved?Partlythere'sanidentityproblem.Becauseittakesanint erestinanythingthatimpingesonthehealthoftravelers,thisemergingmedicalspecialism invariablycutsacrossthetraditionaldisciplines.Itdelvesintoeverythingfromseasick ness,jetlagandthehazardsofcamelstomalariaandplague.Buttravelmedicinehasamoreser iousobstacletoovercome.Travelclinicsaremeanttotellpeoplehowtoavoidendingupdeado rinatropicaldiseaseshospitalwhentheycomehome.Butitisnotoriouslydifficulttogetan ybodytopayoutmoneyforkeepingpeoplehealthy. Travelmedicinehasalsobeencolonizedbycommercialinterests--thevastmajorityoftrave lclinicsinBritainarerunbyairlinesortravelcompanies.Andwhiletravelconcernsarehap pytosellprofitableinjections,theymaybelesskeentospreadbadnewsabouttravelers'dia rrheainTurkey,ortotakethetimetospelloutpreventivemeasurestravelerscouldtake."Th eNHSfindsitdifficulttodefinetravelers'health,"saysRonBehrens,theonlyNHSconsulta ntintravelandtropicalmedicineanddirectorofthetravelclinicoftheHospitalforTropic alDiseasesinLondon."ShoulditcomewithintheNHSorshoulditbepaidfor?It'sagrayarea,a ndopinionissplit.Nooneseemstohaveanyresponsibilityfordefiningitsrole,"hesays.To compounditslowstatusinthemedicalhierarchy,travelmedicinehastorelyonstatisticsth atarepatchyatbest.Inmostcaseswejustdon'tknowhowmanyBritonscontractdiseaseswhena broad.Andevenifadiseaseislinkedtotravelthereisrarelyanyinformationaboutwheretho seafflictedwent,whattheyate,howtheybehaved,orwhichvaccinationstheyhad.Thisshort ageofhardfactsandfiguresmakesitdifficulttogivedetailedadvicetopeople,informatio nthatmightevensavetheirlives. ArecentleaderintheBritishMedicalJournalargued:"Travelmedicinewillemergeasacredi bledisciplineonlyiftherisksencounteredbytravelersandtherelativebenefitsofpublic healthinterventionsarewelldefinedintermsoftheirrelativeoccurrence,distributiona ndcontrol."Exactlyhowmuchmoneyiswastedbypoortraveladvice?Therealfigureisanybody 'sguess,butitcouldeasilyrunintomillions.Behrensgivesoneexample.Britainspendsmor ethan ￡1millioneachyearjustoncholeravaccinesthatoftendon'tworkandsogivepeopleafalses enseofsecurity:"Informationonthepreventionandtreatmentofallformsofdiarrheawould beabetterpriority,"hesays. 36.TravelmedicineinBritainis________. A.notsomethinganyonewantstorun B.theresponsibilityofthegovernment C.administeredbyprivatedoctors D.handledadequatelybytravelagents 37.Themaininterestoftravelcompaniesdealingwithtravelmedicineisto ________. A.preventpeoplefromfallingill

B.makemoneyoutofit C.giveadviceonspecificcountries D.getthegovernmenttopayforit 38.InBehren'sopinionthequestionofwhoshouldruntravelmedicine________. A.isforthegovernmenttodecide B.shouldbelefttospecialisthospitals C.canbelefttotravelcompanies D.hasnoclearandsimpleanswer 39.Peoplewillonlythinkbetteroftravelmedicineif________. A.itisgivenmoreresourcesbythegovernment B.moreaccurateinformationonitsvalueisavailable C.thegovernmenttakesoverresponsibilityfromtheNHS D.travelerspaymoreattentiontotheadvicetheyget TEXTB THEHISTORICALBACKGROUNDOFSOCIALPSYCHOLOGY Whiletherootsofsocialpsychologylieintheintellectualsoilofthewholewesterntraditi on,itspresentfloweringisrecognizedtobecharacteristicallyanAmericanphenomenon.On ereasonforthestrikingupsurgeofsocialpsychologyintheUnitedStatesliesinthepragmat ictraditionofthiscountry.Nationalemergenciesandconditionsofsocialdisruptionprov idespecialincentivetoinventnewtechniques,andtostrikeoutboldlyforsolutionstoprac ticalsocialproblems.SocialpsychologybegantoflourishsoonaftertheFirstWorldWar.Th isevent,followedbythegreatdepressionofthe1930s,bytheriseofHitler,thegenocideofJ ews,raceriots,theSecondWorldWarandtheatomicthreat,stimulatedallbranchesofsocial science.Aspecialchallengefelltosocialpsychology.Thequestionwasasked:Howisitposs ibletopreservethevaluesoffreedomandindividualrightsunderconditionofmountingsoci alstrainandregimentation?Cansciencehelpprovideananswer?Thischallengingquestionl edtoaburstofcreativeeffortthataddedmuchtoourunderstandingofthephenomenaofleader ship,publicopinion,rumor,propaganda,prejudice,attitudechange,morale,communicati on,decision-making,racerelations,andconflictsofwar. ReviewingthedecadethatfollowedWorldWarII,Cartwright[1961]speaksofthe"excitement andoptimism"ofAmericansocialpsychologists,andnotes"thetremendousincreaseintheto talnumberofpeoplecallingthemselvessocialpsychologists."Mostofthese,wemayadd,sho wlittleawarenessofthehistoryoftheirfield. Practicalandhumanitarianmotiveshavealwaysplayedanimportantpartinthe developmentofsocialpsychology,notonlyinAmericabutinotherlandsaswell.Yettherehav ebeendiscordantanddissentingvoices.IntheopinionofHerbertSpencerinEngland,ofLudw igGumplowiczinAustria,andofWilliamGrahamSumnerintheUnitedStates,itisbothfutilea nddangerousformantoattempttosteerortospeedsocialchange.Socialevolution,theyargu e,requirestimeandobeyslawsbeyondthecontrolofman.Theonlypracticalserviceofsocial scienceistowarnmannottointerferewiththecourseofnature[orsociety].Buttheseauthor sareinaminority.MostsocialpsychologistssharewithComteanoptimisticviewofman'scha ncestobetterhiswayoflife.Hashenotalreadyimprovedhishealthviabiologicalsciences? Whyshouldhenotbetterhissocialrelationshipsviasocialsciences?Forthepastcenturyth isoptimisticoutlookhaspersistedinthefaceofslenderaccomplishmenttodate.Humanrela

tionsseemstubbornlyset.Warshavenotbeenabolished,labortroubleshavenotabated,andr acialtensionsarestillwithus.Giveustimeandgiveusmoneyforresearch,theoptimistssay . 40.SocialpsychologydevelopedintheUSA________. A.becauseitsrootsareintellectuallywestern B.asadirectresponsetothegreatdepression C.tomeetthethreatofAdolfHitlerandhispolicyofmassgenocide D.foritspragmatictraditionsfordealingwithsocialproblems 41.Accordingtotheauthor,socialpsychologyshouldhelpmanto________. A.preserveindividualrights B.becomehealthier C.beawareofhistory D.improvematerialwelfare 42.Whobelievedthatmancaninfluencesocialchangeforthegoodofsociety? A.Cartwright. B.Spencer. C.Sumner. D.Comte. TEXTC GODANDMYFATHER IthoughtofGodasastrangelyemotionalbeing.Hewaspowerful;Hewasforgivingyetobdurate, fullofwarmthandaffection.BothHiswrathandaffectionwerefitful,theycameandtheywent, andIcouldn'tcountoneithertocontinue:althoughtheybothalwaysdid.InshortGodwasmuch suchabeingasmyfatherhimself. Whatwastherelationbetweenthem,Iwondered--thesetwopuzzlingdeities? Myfather'sideasofreligionseemedstraightforwardandsimple.Hehadnoticedwhenhewasab oythattherewerebuildingscalledchurches;hehadacceptedthemasanaturalpartofthesurr oundingsinwhichhehadbeenborn.Hewouldneverhaveinventedsuchthingshimself.Neverthe lesstheywerehere.Ashegrewupheregardedthemasunquestioninglyashedidbanks.Theywere substantialoldstructures,theywererespectable,decent,andvenerable.Theywerefreque ntedbytherightsortofpeople.Well,thatwasenough. Ontheotherhandheneverallowedchurches--orbanks--todictatetohim.Hegaveeachtheresp ectthatwasduetoitfromhispointofview;buthealsoexpectedfromeachofthemtherespecthe feltduetohim. Astocreeds,heknewnothingaboutthem,andcarednothingeither;yethe seemedtoknowwhichsecthebelongedwith.Ithadtobeasectwiththeminimumofnonsenseabout it;nototalimmersion,noexhorters,noholyconfession.HewouldhavebeenaUnitarian,natu rally,ifhe'dlivedinBoston.SincehewasarespectableNewYorker,hebelongedintheEpisco palChurch. Astolivingaspirituallife,henevertackledthatproblem.Somemenwhoacceptspiritualbel iefstrytoliveuptothemdaily;othermenwhorejectsuchbeliefs,trysometimestosmashthem. Myfatherwouldhavedisagreedwithbothkindsentirely.Hetookamoredistantattitude.Itdi sgustedhimwhereatheistsattackedreligion:hethoughttheywerevulgar.Buthealsoobject edtohavingreligionmakedemandsuponhim--hefeltthatreligionwastoovulgar,whenittrie

dtostirupmen'sfeelings.Ithaditsownproperfieldofactivity,anditwasallrightthere,o fcourse;buttherewasoneplacereligionshouldleavealone,andthatwasaman'ssoul.Heespe ciallyloathedanytalkofwalkinghandinhandwithhisSavior.AndifhehadeverfoundtheHoly Ghosttryingtosoftenhisheart,hewouldhaveregardeditsbehaviorasdistinctlyuncalledf or;evenungentlemanly. 43.Thewritersayshisfather'sideaofreligionseemedstraightforwardandsimplebecauseh isfather________. A.borninnaturalsurroundingswithbanksandchurches B.neverreallythoughtofGodasarealexistence C.regardedreligionasacceptableifitdidnotinterfere D.regardedreligionasawayhecouldliveaspirituallife 44.Thewriter'sfatherwouldprobablyagreewiththestatementthat________. A.bothspiritualistsandatheistsarevulgar B.beingawareofdifferentcreedsisimportant C.religionshouldexpectheartandsouldevotion D.churcheslikebanksarenottobetrusted TEXTD ETIQUETTE Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperityandincreasi ngsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingf romthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.Inaprosperouscommunity,ont heotherhand,politesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrich,andinEnglandtherehasneverbeena nyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemannersappropriatetotheirnewwayof life. Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements;basicmoralduties;practicalruleswh ichpromoteefficiency;andartificial,optionalgracessuchasformalcomplimentsto,say, womenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance. Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationsfortheweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEg yptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzania, theyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEngland,untilaboutacenturyago,youn gchildrendidnotsitintheirparents'presencewithoutaskingpermission. Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociallifeasmakingproperintr oductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Befor etheinventionofthefork,etiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanasposs ible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuse,etiquettesuggestedthatafterspitting, apersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuouslyunderfoot. Extremelyrefinedbehavior,however,cultivatedasanartofgraciousliving,hasbeenchara cteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisure,whichadmittedwomenasthesocialequal sofmen.AfterthefallofRome,thefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivatelif einaccordancewithacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-centuryProvence,inFrance . Provencehadbecomewealthy.Thelordshadreturnedtotheircastlefromthecrusades,andthe retheidealsofchivalrygrewup,whichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenanddema ndedthataknightshouldprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisinspiratio

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