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MEMS and
Nanotechnology-Based
Sensors and Devices
for Communications,
Medical and
Aerospace
Applications
A.R. Jha, Ph.D.
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CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Jha, A. R.
p. cm.
MEMS and nanotechnology-based sensors and devices for communications,
medical and aerospace applications / A.R. Jha.
“An Auerbach title.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-8069-3 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8493-8069-3 (alk. paper)
1. Microelectromechanical systems. 2. Detectors. 3.
Telecommunication--Equipment and supplies. 4. Medical instruments and apparatus.
5. Aerospace engineering--Equipment and supplies. 6. Aeronautics--Equipment and
supplies. I. Title.
TK7875.J485 2008
620’.5--dc22
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
2007040799
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to my beloved parents who always encouraged
me to pursue advanced research and development studies in the fields of
science and latest technology for the benefits to mankind.
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Contents
Foreword ........................................................................................................... xix
Preface ............................................................................................................... xxi
Author ............................................................................................................. xxix
1 Highlights and Chronological Developmental History of MEMS
Devices Involving Nanotechnology............................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 1
1.2 What Is MEMS? ................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Frequently Used Terms in Nanotechnology.............................. 3
1.2.2 2005 MEMS Industry Overview and Sales Projections
for MEMS Devices ................................................................... 4
1.3 Potential Applications of MEMS Devices in Commercial
and Space Systems................................................................................. 4
1.3.1 MEMS for Wireless, Base Stations, Satellites,
and Nanosatellites ..................................................................... 5
1.3.1.1 RF-MEMS Amplifier-Switched Filter Bank
Capabilities................................................................. 6
1.3.1.2 Passive RF-MEMS Components ................................ 7
1.3.2 RF-MEMS Technology for Base Station Requirements ............ 9
1.4 MEMS Technology for Military Systems Applications........................ 11
1.4.1 Material Requirements for Fabrication
of MEMS Devices................................................................... 13
1.4.2 Types of Nanostructures and Their Properties ........................ 14
1.4.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance...................................... 16
1.4.2.2 Ceramics for MEMS Sensors ................................... 17
1.4.3 Fabrication of Critical Elements of a MEMS Device .............. 17
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1.4.4 MEMS Technology for Electronic Circuits
and Detectors for Military Applications ................................ 19
1.4.4.1 Passive MEMS Devices for Commercial,
Military, and Space Applications ............................ 19
1.4.5 Nanotechnology for Armors to Provide Protection
to Soldiers ............................................................................. 20
1.4.6 Nanotechnology-Based Biometric Structures
to Monitor Soldier Health .................................................... 20
1.4.7 Nanomaterials for External Support Muscles and Artificial
Muscles for Injured Soldiers on the Battlefield...................... 21
1.4.8 Robotic Arms for Battlefield Applications ............................. 21
1.4.9 Portable Radar Using MEMS/Nanotechnology
for Military Applications ....................................................... 22
1.5 MEMS for Commercial, Industrial, Scientific,
and Biomedical System Applications ................................................. 23
1.5.1 Nanotubes and Nanotube Arrays for Various
Applications .......................................................................... 23
1.5.2 MEMS-Based Video Projection System ................................ 24
1.5.3 Nanotechnology for Photovoltaic Solar Cells and 3-D
Lithium Ion Microbatteries for MEMS Devices.................... 25
1.6 MEMS Technology for Hard-Disk Drives ........................................ 26
1.6.1 MEMS Devices for Thermographic Nondestructive
Testing .................................................................................. 27
1.7 MEMS Devices for Uncooled Thermal Imaging Arrays
1.8
and Cooled Focal Planar Arrays for Various Applications.................. 28
Applications of Nanotechnology in IR and Electro-Optical
Sensors for Biometric and Security Applications................................ 29
1.8.1 Nanotechnology-Based Laser Scanning Systems .................... 30
1.8.2 MEMS-Based Sensors for Detection of Chemical
and Biological Threats........................................................... 31
1.8.3 Potential Applications of Nanophotonic Sensors
and Devices........................................................................... 31
1.8.4 MEMS Technology for Photonic Signal Processing
and Optical Communications ............................................... 32
1.9 MEMS Technology for Medical Applications ................................... 33
1.10 MEMS Technology for Satellite Communications
and Space Systems Applications ........................................................ 34
1.11 MEMS Devices for Auto Industry Applications ................................ 36
1.12 MEMS Technology for Aerospace System Applications .................... 37
1.13 Summary........................................................................................... 38
References .................................................................................................... 39
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2 Potential Actuation Mechanisms, Their Performance Capabilities,
and Applications ......................................................................................... 41
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 41
2.2 Classification of Actuation Mechanisms .............................................. 43
2.3 Structural Requirements and Performance Capabilities
of Electrostatic Actuation Mechanism ................................................. 43
2.3.1 Electrostatic Actuation Mechanism ......................................... 43
2.3.1.1 Cantilever Beam Design Requirements .................... 45
2.3.2 Electrostatic Force Computation ............................................. 48
2.3.3 Pull-In and Pull-Out Voltage Requirements ........................... 54
2.3.3.1 Pull-In Voltage......................................................... 57
2.3.3.2 Pull-Out Voltage...................................................... 62
2.3.3.3 Electrostatic Microactuator Configurations
for Generating Higher Force and Energy
Density Capabilities ................................................. 65
2.4 Piezoelectric Actuation Mechanism ..................................................... 66
2.4.1 Structural Material Requirements for Cantilever Beams .......... 68
2.4.2 Threshold Voltage................................................................... 69
2.4.3 Tip Deflection of the Cantilever Beam ................................... 71
2.4.4 Bending Moment of the Cantilever Beam............................... 71
2.4.5 Contact Force Requirements ................................................... 75
2.5 Electrothermal Actuation Mechanism ................................................. 78
2.6 Electromagnetic Actuation Mechanism ............................................... 83
2.6.1 Pull-In and Pull-Out Magnetomotive Forces .......................... 84
2.6.2 Actuation Force due to Induced Magnetic Force .................... 85
2.6.2.1 Parametric Trade-Off Computations........................ 87
2.7 Electrodynamic Actuation Mechanism ................................................ 88
2.8 Electrochemical Actuation Mechanism................................................ 91
2.8.1 Classification and Major Benefits of CNT .............................. 92
2.8.2 MWCNT Arrays and Electrochemical Actuator
Performance ............................................................................ 92
2.8.3 Fabrication and Material Requirements for the Actuator......... 92
2.9 Summary............................................................................................. 94
References .................................................................................................... 95
3 Latest and Unique Methods for Actuation ................................................. 97
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 97
3.2 Electrostatic Rotary Microactuator with Improved Shaped Design...... 98
3.2.1 Performance Limitation of Conventional Parallel-Plate
Electrodes................................................................................ 99
3.2.2 ESRM with Tilted Configuration ......................................... 100