2012年吉林大学考博英语真题.doc

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2012 年吉林大学考博英语真题 B. contest the board of trustees. . B. sensation C. pretext D. texture B. frustrated C. disclosed D. justified B. separately C. inelevantly D. independently of reforms in the economic, social and cultural Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. A. indistinctly 2. The work was done in the spheres. A. context 3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was by A. approved 4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situation so that their news may create a great A. explosion 5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, was little to disprove it. A. by the same token C. at the same stage 6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be A. given off 7. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its A. unanimous 8. This growth in the A. inference 9. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around ＄110 billion, ＄160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress. A. in proportion to to 10. France’s declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind. of nuclear testing in the South Pacitic last month triggered of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity. B. in reply to C. in relation to D. in contrast C. exaggerating D. stimulation B. incidence C. regulation C. autonomous D. almighty B. under the same condition in some form. B. put out C. set off D. used up D. repetition the there D. for the same purpose B. abstract

B. demonstcation B. contraction D. furnishes B. contradicting D. symmetry my ideas to prove C. controversy D. convergence C. distorting D. distracting C. manifestation D. expedition B. contamination C. scrutiny B. consumption C. presumption D. resumption the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that of a oultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some C. minimizes because the used patients whose diagnosis was polltical debates and mass demonstrations. A. assumption 11. The physical aspect in the life style of the people. A. implementation 12. Reading makes what we read our. A. rectities B. prolongs 13. Previous studies provoked questionable. A. contrlbution 14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close A. temperament 15. I never said anything like that at all You are purposely your points. A. revising 16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand. A. forfeit 17.I was unaware of the critical points invoived, so my choice was quite A. arbitrary 18. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to research and further thinking about a particular topic. A. stimulate D. advocate 19. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read from their families. A. affectionate 20. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just and needs proving. A. spontaneous 21.The ceremony will A. commend 22. The barbarous aggressors grew more and more burning down their houses. A. amorphous 23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become as soon as the president arrives. D. commence C. confront B. hypothetical C. intuitive B. ferocious C. audacious B. sentimental C. intimate in slaughtering people and B. rational C. mechanical B. renovate C. arouse B. enhance C. guarantee D. gear . . D. unpredictable further D. egregious and letters D. sensitive D. empirical B. comply

B. obscene C. obvious D. oblique B. challenge C. diminish D. reject are no longer used in the present days. A. obsolete 24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to revenue by limiting commerce. A. disregard 25. The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons slowly into the sky. A. descending 26. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology. medical A. interference D. interaction 27. Several intemational events in the early 1990s seem likely to least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s. A. revolt 28. Foreign disinvestments and the after 1985 further weakened its economy. A. displacement of South Africa from world capital markets B. interruption C. reverse D. revive C. escalating D. elevating C. intervention B. elimination C. exclusion D. exception B. ascending B. revolve , or at 29. We are moving towards a more and cooperative society ,which is getting better and better. A fraternal B emotional C exclusion D illegal 30. The student were about who their new teacher would be when the bell rang for their first class in the new semester. A. foreseeing B. speculating Part III Reading Comprehension (60%) Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. C. fabricating D. pondering When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread. The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected

into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’ s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before. There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead. Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures. 51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two? A. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease. B. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system. C. By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it. D. Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it. 52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate? A. The way that vaccines protect people from diseases. B. The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases. C. The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease. D. The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines. 53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because . A. saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few. B. some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effects. C. they don’t always work. D. while many lives are saved, SOME ARE ACTUALLY KILLED BY THE VACCINT. 54. The best title for the passage would be A. “The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis”. B. “How Vaccines Work”. C. “Vaccines: Methods and Implications”. D. “A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines”. . 55. The main purpose of the passage is to . A. convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many think.

B. educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers. C. educate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinations. D. present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine. Passage Two Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history, Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies. In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains. Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists and learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow’s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when the traverse the slopes. An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill. Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier’s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche. Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “soft slab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn’t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow. 56. What would be the best title for this passage? A. Avalanches B. The History of Avalanches C. Skiers Beware D. Avalanches Can Kill 57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars? A. They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attack. B. They killed the armies approaching the city.

C. They blocked paths into the city. D. They snowblinded the approaching armies. 58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing? A. They only have to worry after a heavy snowfall. B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French Alps. C. They should always expect that an avalanche will occur. D. When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche. 59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers? A. When the temperature is below 20 degrees F. B. Right before a snowstorm. C. During a snowstorm. D. In the winter. 60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche? A. The slope of the mountain. B. The size of the snowfall. C. The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfall. D. The weight of the snow. Passage Three Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage. Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships. Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem. Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion. As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities

to reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called “ distinguished research investigators ” of something else. The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities. 61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph? A. The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplified. B. Teaching and research are contradictory. C. Research can never be emphasized too much. D. It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching. 62. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because . A. research improves the quality of teaching. B. students who want to be challenged appreciate research professors. C. professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and tough. D. it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively. 63. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with? A. Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research only. B. It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train new scientists. C. The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientists. D. The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teaching with research. 64. The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do . A. scientific research B. teaching C. field work D. investigation 65. The phrase “the problem” (Line 4, Para. 5) refers to . A. raising the status of teaching. B. the separation of teaching from research. C. the combination of teaching with research. D. improving the status of research..

Passage Four Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage. Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money. Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance. 66. new must development production all . and Almost companies involved in A. rely on their financial resources. B. persuade the banks to provide long-term finance. C. borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know. D. depend on the population as a whole for finance. 67. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is . A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible. B. raised by the selling of shares in the companies. C. exchanges for part ownership in The Stock Exchange. D. invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange. 68. When the savers want their money back they . A. ask another company to obtain their money for them. B. look for other people to borrow money from. C. put their shares in the company back on the market. D. transfer their money to a more successful company.

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