黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题.doc

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黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题一、词汇 1. The motorist was ____ by the conflicting road signs. a. punished c. encouraged b. bewildered d. taught 2. He ____ over the edge of the carpet and fell. a. looked c. pushed b. stumbled d. impulses 3. After the quarrel, he completely ____ his relations with his family. a. severed c. closed b. limited d. ignored 4. She has the gift of ____ and was rarely wrong. a. prophecy c. praise b. dream d. wish 5. I found the lecture boring and ____. a. reflective c. repetitive 6. He ____ something she didnt quite catch. a. nosed c. spoke b. relevant d. raw b. murmured d. planned 7. The buses shake the house so much that we feel the ____. a. movement c. shiver b. collision d. vibration 8. This apple is quite ____ ; it is neither sweet nor sour. a. tasteful c. tasted b. tasty d. tasteless 9. With ____ efforts we can finish on time. a. persistent c. dull b. tiresome d. troublesome 10. Mans first landing on the moon was a ____ of great daring. a. notoriety c. feat b. feature d. livelihood 11. Susan that was a very hot day when she looked out the window saw sown many girls wearing dresses and blouses. a. attained b. imagined c. associated d. assumed 12. We are more to boast how many Americans go to college than to ask how much the average college education amounts to. a. committed b. inclined c. intended d. subjected 13. I have a little money away for the long winter. a. lain b. laid c. lied d. lay 14. Many of the ideas behind television appeared in the late 19th century and early 20th century. a. ancient b. original c. primitive d. raw

15. The sunset last night was a glorious of ever changing colour. a. experience b. impression c. pageant d. site 16. The government paid the farmers for their potato . a. shortage b. surplus c. dearth d. demand 17.The gravitational force ______ an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object. a. being acted on b. acting on c. to be acted on d. to act on 18.Before moving to another city, Frank_________ of the house and the furniture. a. dispensed b. discarded c. disposed d. discharged 19. I expected him to be full of vigor and in good spirit and were disappointed by his attitude. a. energetic b. lively c. listless d. active 20.The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost. a. surrendered b. released c. abandoned d. discussed 二、填空 of a woman’s life spent in The greatest recent social changes have been twenties., and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of the lives of women. During the twentieth 11 century there has been a remarkable shortening of the for 12 children . A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get work. Today women marry younger and children . Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five have to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until and can be retirement at sixty. Even by household appliances and convenience foods. she has the care of children, her work is lightened whom 13 15 14 17 16 18 19 20 at school after that age, and though women . Even a few years ago most girls left school This important change in women’s life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married , they usually to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls left work at once and never 21 22 to marry younger, more married women stay at word at least until shortly before their first child is born, very many more afterwards return to full-or part-time work, Such changes have to a new relationship in marriage, and satisfactions of family life, and with the husband accepting a greater share of the with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them. at 24 25 23 21. A of 22. A amount 23. A attending 24. A mid 25. A could 26. A paying 27. A less B for B share B caring B medium B might B paid B fewer C in C proportion C looking C average C should C payable C few D to D time D minding D middle D would D payment D a few

B hoped B as B stand B went B keep B tend B led B issues C likely C while C position D longed D when D aspect C returned D clung C are C mean C resulted C duties D stay D consider D caused D jobs 28. A expected 29. A if 30. A situation 31. A came 32. A are left 33. A intend 34. A led up 35. A problems 三、阅读 Passage 1 In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go. But some official records date from 766 B. C. The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games. On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling. After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A. D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. Nowadays. The Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities. Including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses. The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals. And it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games. 36. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games . A. were merely national athletic festivals B. were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour C. had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position D. were primarily national events with few foreign participants 37. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games . A. only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games B. all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take part C. all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the Games D. all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the games 38. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics . A. has not definitely been established B. varied according to the number of foreign competitors C. was decided by Zeus, in whose honour the Games were held D. was considered unimportant 39. Modern athletes' results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because . A. the Greeks had no means of recording the results

B. they are much better C. details such as the time were not recorded in the past D. they are much worse 40. Nowadays the athletes' expenses are paid for A. out of the prize money of the winners B. out of the funds raised by the competing nations C. by the athletes themselves D. by contributions Passage 2 Around the earth at about latitude 30 degrees North and South and also over continents in winter, high pressure and weak winds tend to be dominant. In such regions the winds slowly spread out horizontally, and dry air sinks down from aloft to replace it. Because of the warming associated with compression of the descending air, anticyclones（高气压）generally are associated with clear weather, except locally where contact of air with a cold surface may result in fogs or low-hanging clouds. Most of the regions where anticyclones tend to prevail are quite uniform in their surface characteristics; and with the slow diverging motions, large bodies of air with uniform characteristics tend to be generated. Several large bodies of air, called air masses, with distinctive properties are formed in this way. Maritime tropical air masses form over the oceans at latitude 30 degrees north and south and may later be transported thousands of kilometers from their origin to create abnormally warm and humid periods of time and to supply abundant sources of water for clouds and rain in middle and high latitudes. Air masses tend to come together to produce zones of great temperature contrast. Such regions were given the name fronts and were recognized as narrow zones of highly active weather change. The most noticeable fronts tend to be situated in winter in the eastern coast of North America, and similarly off Asia in the Pacific. The continental polar air masses tend to sink and spread out under the warm maritime tropical air masses. The warm air masses are thus pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, and they consequently condense and cast down their moisture. 41. Anticyclones . A. can occur even when there is fog or low-hanging clouds B. can never occur when there is fog and low-hanging clouds C. occurs only when there is a strong wind in cold weather D. always occur when it is fine and clear 42. Air masses are formed when . A. anticyclones become quite uniform in their surface characteristics B. several large bodies of air with uniform characteristics meet C. distinctive properties are developed in the air body D. large bodies of air began to move in different directions 43. The word "maritime" in the third paragraph means A. hot 44. Fronts B. strong . C. moist . D. oceanic A. are areas where cold and hot temperature exist side by side B. refers to the eastern coast of North America C. are warm maritime tropical air masses D. refers to narrow tropical air masses 45. When warm air masses are pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, . A. it becomes extremely cold B. the air becomes moist C. the weather becomes fine and dry D. it begins to snow or rain Passage 3 There were inns throughout the ancient civilized world, strategically placed to accommodate merchants, military personnel, government officials, and others whose work forced them to travel.

Traveling for pleasure was almost unheard of. During the early Middle Ages, travel was infrequent and unsafe. About the 12th century traveling again became relatively safe, and inns were established along the main routes to accommodate merchants, religious pilgrims（朝圣者）, and others. Inn standards rose steadily as local economies improved. By the end of the Middle Ages there were inns throughout Europe and in the Islamic countries, meant primarily for the use of merchants. The Industrial Revolution stimulated inn building, especially in England, whose inns became a standard for the rest of the world. The first hotels in North America were Atlantic seaport inns and converted farmhouses along stagecoach routes. When canals and railroads were built in the 19th century, the wayside inn gave way to larger hotels built along the rights-of-way. As cities grew, new hotels were constructed in the business centers and theater districts. By 1800 the United States already had the largest hotels in the world, and this trend toward large size continued into the 20th century. The Stevens Hotel (now the Chicago Hilton and Towers) in chicago once boasted of being the largest in the world, with 3,000 rooms. It has since been exceeded in size by the hotel Russia in Moscow, and hotels with several hundred rooms have become common nearly everywhere. As travel for pleasure gained popularity in Europe, luxury and resort hotels were built in many countries. The Savoy Hotel in London set new standards of luxury when it opened in 1889 by having its own electricity, theater, private chapel, laundry, and printing press. The hotel was managed by Cesar Ritz, who opened his own luxury hotel in Paris in 1898. The standards set by the Savoy and the Ritz have been imitated by hotels around the world. 46. Travelling for pleasure . A. can be traced back to the 12th century travelling B. became a reality in 1889 when the Savoy Hotel was built C. was almost non-existent during the Middle Ages D. was a privilege enjoyed only by the rich in the Middle Ages 47. It is implied that before the 19th century the development of hotel . A. went side by side with the development of economy B. was quicker when there was no war C. played a leading role in British expansion and colonization D. stimulated industrial development and international exchange 48. The largest hotel is . A. the Savoy Hotel in London B. the Ritz in Paris C. Hotel Russia in Moscow D. the Stevens Hotel in Chicago 49. The Ritz is admired for . A. its important location in London B. its luxuries and various services C. its founder's leading role in hotel development D. its popularity among travellers 50. The third paragraph focuses on A. the growing size of hotels B. hotel development in North America and Russia C. the development of hotel in the 19th century D. the history of hotel industry in America . Passage 4 What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends. Of course on the meaning of 'future'. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable gadget to make life smooth. healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least one may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion. But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world's rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will

be dying of starvation or, at the best, suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind. and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard 'housing' of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated. Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread of crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem. Because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease. 51. In first paragraph we are told that, in the opinion of the writer, housing problems . A. may be completely solved at sometime in the future B. are unimportant and easily dealt with C. will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered D. have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future 52. The writer is certain that in the distant future . A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material B. a new building material will have been invented C. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable D. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered 53. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century . A. is difficult to foresee B. will be how to feed the growing population C. Will be how to provide enough house in the hottest parts of the world D. is the question of finding enough ground space 54. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts . A. standards of building are low B. only minimum shelter will be possible C. there is not enough ground space D. the population growth will be the greatest 55. Which of the following sentences best summarises paragraph 3? A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by milions of refugees. B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees. C. Hong kong's crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth. D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them. Passage 5 In 1575—over 400 years ago—the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are. The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue. The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no change from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For

us, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes. Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations. The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides, the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences. Even more striking are the situation in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale. One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives. 56. According to the reading selection, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur? A. An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants. B. The rich will become richer and the poor poorer. C. New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will be substituted for the soon-to-be exhausted resources of oil and natural gas. D. The effects of pollution will render the earth and its atmosphere a threat to mankind. 57. The best illustration of the meaning of "trend is not destiny" in Para.3 is . A. human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution B. the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain C. critical processes can overshoot and cause catastrophes D. the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted 58. According to the passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can be found in all of the following except . A. a decrease in birth rates B. opposition to the use of pesticides C. public meetings to complain about dumping chemicals D. an increase in the military budget by the president 59. The author is in favor of the opinion that . A. nuclear weapons won’t play a prominent role in dealings among peoples B. people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advances C. modern scientists and the public are conscious of the future dangers and ready to take measures to prevent them D. our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible. Passage 6 The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle. The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them. With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "superconentinent" called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one—which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica—is called

Gondwanaland. The northern one—with North America, Europe, and Asia—is called Laurasia. North America tore away form Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean. Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understanding of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer. 60. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned? A. The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge. B. The mineral composition of the Earth's crust. C. The location of the Earth's major plates. D. The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement. 61. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given sup port by the . A. upper mantle B. ocean floor C. crust D. asthenosphere 62. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere to which of the following? A. Lava flowing from a volcano. C. A fish swimming in a pond. B. A boat floating on the water. D. The erosion of rocks by running water. 63. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when . A. Pangaea was created C. Gondwanaland collided with Pangaea B. plate movement ceased D. parts of Laurasia separated from each 64. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics? A. It is no longer of great interest to geologists. B. It was first proposed in the 1960's. C. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur. D. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent. 65. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses . A. why certain geological events happen where they do B. how geological occurrences have changed over the years C. the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's history D. the latest innovations in geological measurement Passage 6 For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon, a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world. The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small. Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevent the multiplication of viruses within cells. As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, search physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical pcedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatment and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate ove three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments. In the United States, a large-scale project supported by American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries our time.

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