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区块链如何改变供应链.pdf

发布时间：2022-07-03 发布人：admin 分类：说明书 资料大小：1.93M 资料格式：pdf 举报 版权申诉
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    How blockchain will transform How Blockchain will the modern transform the modern supply chain supply chain
    Introduction Complex supply chains require trust Contemporary supply chains have opened up a world of connected commerce far beyond what previous generations imagined possible. But with this comes unprecedented complexity as multiple parties must cooperate to move goods around the globe. They face new challenges of maintaining visibility into origin, authenticity, and asset handling as they cross organizational boundaries. Retailers and manufacturers place a great deal of trust in their upstream suppliers, distributors, and transportation providers. The quality of their end-customer experiences depends on other organizations’ ability to transfer the right assets, to the right place, at the right time, in the right manner. And if anything were to go wrong, they must quickly ascertain both the potential end-customer exposure and the fault point in their supply chain. Traditional methods for managing shared processes – such as manual inspections, after- the-fact audits, and record reconciliation – are expensive, time-consuming, and error-prone, levying a "trust tax" on all parties. Modern supply chains demand a better solution. Create trust through blockchain Blockchain technology is uniquely positioned to help create trust, transparency, and accountability between many parties in supply chain scenarios. Blockchain is a secure, shared, distributed ledger. It can act as a shared data layer to enable multiple parties to track the status of an asset as it moves across a custodial chain and share information on its provenance and handling in a secure and transparent way. A 2017 report found that 408 organizations from 64 countries were facing consistent supply chain visibility challenges: 69% do not have full visibility into their supply chains 65% experienced at least one supply chain disruption 41% still rely on Excel spreadsheets to keep track of supply chain disruptions While blockchain has gained early recognition for its uses in the financial world, it also offers tremendous potential in supply chain scenarios. When used in combination with sensor technologies such as IoT and RFID, blockchain promises network participants unprecedented visibility into even the most complex supply chains. Blockchain also enables parties to set up pre-arranged “smart contracts” that can be used to automatically trigger compensation or fines based on compliance with agreed-upon rules for the farming, manufacturing, and transportation of goods.
    Blockchain in action Curious what a blockchain-empowered supply chain really looks like? Let's take a snapshot of a food supply chain. It’s key to maintain transparency and efficiency between numerous farmers, manufacturers, retailers, transporters, and more. And at the end of the supply chain, customers want assurance that their food will be consistent, high- quality, and is legitimately sourced from providers they want to buy from (such as organic or fair trade farmers). Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Carrier 1 Factory Wholesaler Carrier 2 Carrier 3 ✓ Organic ✓ Non-GMO ✓ Fair Trade Regulator Retailer Consumer Microsoft is building blockchain solutions that can attest everything from ingredient origin and farming techniques, to finished product movement and storage conditions from farm to fork. Let’s explore how blockchain is transforming this complex supply chain through: • • Provenance attestations Environmental monitoring • Dispute resolution
    Provenance attestations Confidence in the provenance of a product and its component parts Current state Consumers are increasingly concerned about where their products are coming from and how they are being produced. Fair-trade, conflict- free, non-GMO, and organic certifications are highly sought-after and carry the risk of being faked. Counterfeit products, especially in food and pharmaceuticals, could be dangerous for consumers and disastrous for brands that are discovered selling them. In the news: New Zealand’s popular organic Manuka honey is frequently counterfeited, necessitating stringent authenticity tests to retain consumer confidence 1 in 10 medical products circulating in low- and middle-income countries is either substandard or falsified Future state Tracing product inputs and attesting production techniques on the blockchain creates an immutable record of asset provenance. Organizations can author smart contracts stipulating what must be performed by upstream participants before they take action on or custody of a product, and the entire record can be shown to discerning end customers to prove the veracity of product claims. Supplier benefit Retailer benefit Consumer benefit Recognition and market advantage for certifiable, ethical sourcing practices Decreased risk of counterfeit products and increased brand loyalty from consumers due to ability to accurately attest asset provenance Increased confidence in products; increased ability to discern between brands based on alignment with values
    Blockchain in action: Provenance attestations Organizations can trace products from the strip of land they’re grown on through to the delivery at retail. Farmers who have earned certifications (e.g. Certified Organic) use bags or bins specifically allocated to them with labels and sensors that can be tracked along the supply chain. A set amount of food produced by the organic farmer is expected at each stop along the supply chain, preventing non-organic food from fraudulently entering in. As a result, farmers are sure to get credit for their farming practices, and consumers get insight and confidence in the products they’re purchasing. A set amount of Certified Organic food is packed in traceable bins ✓ Farm 1 ✓ Farm 2 ✓ Farm 3 Carrier 1 The same amount of food arrives for processing Factory Wholesaler Carrier 2 Carrier 3 ✓ Organic ✓ Non-GMO ✓ Fair Trade Regulator Retailer Consumer Retailers and consumers have confidence in food source
    Environmental monitoring Observation of environmental conditions – such as temperature, humidity, geography, or excessive movement – that could have adverse financial and/or public safety impacts Current state Maintaining the quality and safety of goods requires ensuring that every party in a supply chain transports products in the right conditions. This is especially important when transporting food and pharmaceuticals: if goods are not kept at the right temperature or humidity, there are risks to consumer safety and permanent brand damage. In the news: Every year, 200 million tons of food spoil before reaching market, due in large part to insufficient cold transport technology In 2017, The Guardian found evidence that the UK’s top chicken supplier had tampered with food safety records, leading consumers to buy expired chicken Future state Combining blockchain technology with IoT sensors, RFID tags, and other monitoring technology enables each party in a supply chain to ensure that products are being kept in agreed-upon conditions and empowers participants to identify and remedy mistakes in real time. Supplier benefit Retailer benefit Consumer benefit Real-time visibility into product handling and a high-assurance audit log to ensure contract conditions have been fulfilled Consumer and brand protection; more efficient process for finding fault points and enforcing contractual penalties. Increased assurance of the safety and quality of goods
    Blockchain in action: Environmental monitoring Organizations can ensure quality and safety of food along the supply chain by monitoring key criteria, such as temperature and humidity levels. This is made possible by packing products with IoT-enabled sensors that send temperature and humidity data at various points along the supply chain, which are recorded on the blockchain. The shared ledger can be viewed by carriers, factories, wholesalers, retailers, and regulators. Products are packaged with IoT-enabled sensors Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 ✓ Wholesaler Temperature and humidity levels are recorded on the blockchain Temperature 10ºC ✓ Humidity 65% ✓ ✓ Carrier 1 Temperature 9ºC Humidity 66% ✓ ✓ ✓ Carrier 2 ✓ Factory ✓ Carrier 3 Regulator ✓ Retailer ✓ Organic ✓ Non-GMO ✓ Fair Trade Consumer All information is viewable on shared ledger so regulatory bodies can ensure safety
    Dispute resolution Attestable audits of activity that can be used to inform decisions such as billing, contract fulfillment, licensing, fines, or recalls Current state In a complex supply chain, things inevitably won’t always go as planned – but when supply chain disputes do occur, it’s critical to resolve them quickly and transparently. When a member of the supply chain fails to deliver assets on- time and in-full, or if the quality of assets have been compromised en route, they will likely have to deal with fines – and look-back auditing in order to identify fault is both error prone and costly. In the news: Walmart is tightening on-time in-full enforcement in Spring 2018, implementing fines for suppliers who do not deliver at least 85% of their shipments on time After months of investigation, Chipotle and the CDC were unable to definitively identify the source of the infamous E. coli outbreak Future state Using blockchain to record asset provenance, environmental conditions, and transfers in real-time removes ambiguity and increases accountability. Faster and more transparent record-keeping means that disputes can be resolved in a fraction of the time. Furthermore, parties can use blockchain to create smart contracts in which compliance with preset terms automatically triggers compensation or fines. This will make dispute resolution hassles a thing of the past. Supplier benefit Retailer benefit Consumer benefit Ability to undeniably prove on-time and in-full delivery Efficient dispute resolution when conditions are not met Lower frequency of out-of-stock goods
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