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IEC 61400-1 2019Standard.pdf
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols and units
4.2 Abbreviated terms
5 Principal elements
5.1 General
5.2 Design methods
5.3 Safety classes
5.4 Quality assurance
5.5 Wind turbine markings
6 External conditions
6.1 General
6.2 Wind turbine classes
6.3 Wind conditions
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Normal wind conditions
6.3.3 Extreme wind conditions
6.4 Other environmental conditions
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Normal other environmental conditions
6.4.3 Extreme other environmental conditions
6.5 Electrical power network conditions
7 Structural design
7.1 General
7.2 Design methodology
7.3 Loads
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Gravitational and inertial loads
7.3.3 Aerodynamic loads
7.3.4 Actuation loads
7.3.5 Other loads
7.4 Design situations and load cases
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5)
7.4.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault or loss of electrical network connection (DLC 2.1 to 2.5)
7.4.4 Start-up (DLC 3.1 to 3.3)
7.4.5 Normal shutdown (DLC 4.1 to 4.2)
7.4.6 Emergency stop (DLC 5.1)
7.4.7 Parked (standstill or idling) (DLC 6.1 to 6.4)
7.4.8 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 7.1)
7.4.9 Transport, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 8.1 and 8.2)
7.5 Load calculations
7.6 Ultimate limit state analysis
7.6.1 Method
7.6.2 Ultimate strength analysis
7.6.3 Fatigue failure
7.6.4 Stability
7.6.5 Critical deflection analysis
7.6.6 Special partial safety factors
8 Control system
8.1 General
8.2 Control functions
8.3 Protection functions
8.4 Control system failure analysis
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Independence and common-cause failures
8.4.3 Fault exclusions
8.4.4 Failure mode return periods
8.4.5 Systematic failures
8.5 Manual operation
8.6 Emergency stop button function
8.7 Manual, automatic, and remote restart
8.8 Braking system
9 Mechanical systems
9.1 General
9.2 Errors of fitting
9.3 Hydraulic or pneumatic systems
9.4 Main gearbox
9.5 Yaw system
9.6 Pitch system
9.7 Protection function mechanical brakes
9.8 Rolling element bearings
9.8.1 General
9.8.2 Main shaft bearings
9.8.3 Generator bearings
9.8.4 Pitch and yaw bearings
10 Electrical system
10.1 General
10.2 General requirements for the electrical system
10.3 Internal environmental conditions
10.4 Protective devices
10.5 Disconnection from supply sources
10.6 Earth system
10.7 Lightning protection
10.8 Electrical cables
10.9 Self-excitation
10.10 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse
10.11 Power quality
10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility
10.13 Power electronic converter systems and equipment
10.14 Twist/drip loop
10.15 Slip rings
10.16 Vertical power transmission conductors and components
10.17 Motor drives and converters
10.18 Electrical machines
10.19 Power transformers
10.20 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear
10.21 High voltage switchgear
10.22 Hubs
11 Assessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditions
11.1 General
11.2 Assessment of the topographical complexity of the site and its effect on turbulence
11.2.1 Assessment of the topographical complexity
11.2.2 Assessment of turbulence structure at the site
11.3 Wind conditions required for assessment
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Wind condition parameters
11.3.3 Measurement setup
11.3.4 Data evaluation
11.4 Assessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines
11.5 Assessment of other environmental conditions
11.6 Assessment of earthquake conditions
11.7 Assessment of electrical network conditions
11.8 Assessment of soil conditions
11.9 Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data
11.9.1 General
11.9.2 Assessment of the fatigue load suitability by reference to wind data
11.9.3 Assessment of the ultimate load suitability by reference to wind data
11.10 Assessment of structural integrity by load calculations with reference to site-specific conditions
12 Assembly, installation and erection
12.1 General
12.2 Planning
12.3 Installation conditions
12.4 Site access
12.5 Environmental conditions
12.6 Documentation
12.7 Receiving, handling and storage
12.8 Foundation/anchor systems
12.9 Assembly of wind turbine
12.10 Erection of wind turbine
12.11 Fasteners and attachments
12.12 Cranes, hoists and lifting equipment
13 Commissioning, operation and maintenance
13.1 General
13.2 Design requirements for safe operation, inspection and maintenance
13.3 Instructions concerning commissioning
13.3.1 General
13.3.2 Energization
13.3.3 Commissioning tests
13.3.4 Records
13.3.5 Post commissioning activities
13.4 Operator’s instruction manual
13.4.1 General
13.4.2 Instructions for operations and maintenance records
13.4.3 Instructions for unscheduled automatic shutdown
13.4.4 Instructions for diminished reliability
13.4.5 Work procedures plan
13.4.6 Emergency procedures plan
13.5 Maintenance manual
14 Cold climate
14.1 General
14.2 Low temperature and icing climate
14.3 External conditions for cold climate
14.3.1 General
14.3.2 Wind turbine class for cold climate
14.4 Structural design
14.5 Design situations and load cases
14.5.1 General
14.5.2 Load calculations
14.5.3 Selection of suitable materials
14.6 Control systems
14.7 Mechanical systems
14.8 Electrical systems
Annexes
Annex A (normative) Design parameters for external conditions
A.1 Design parameters for describing wind turbine class S
A.1.1 General
A.1.2 Machine parameters
A.1.3 Wind conditions
A.1.4 Electrical network conditions
A.1.5 Other environmental conditions (where taken into account)
A.2 Additional design parameters for describing cold climate wind turbine class S (CC-S)
Annex B (informative) Design load cases for special class S wind turbine designor site suitability assessment
B.1 General
B.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.9)
Annex C (informative) Turbulence models
C.1 General
C.2 Mann [3] uniform shear turbulence model
C.3 Kaimal [1] spectrum and exponential coherence model
C.4 Reference documents
Annex D (informative) Assessment of earthquake loading
D.1 General
D.2 Design response spectrum
D.3 Structure model
D.4 Seismic load evaluation
D.5 Additional load
D.6 Reference documents
Annex E (informative) Wake and wind farm turbulence
E.1 Added wake turbulence method
E.2 Dynamic wake meandering model
E.2.1 General
E.2.2 Wake deficit
E.2.3 Meandering
E.2.4 Wake induced turbulence
E.2.5 Wake superposition
E.2.6 Model synthesis
E.3 Reference documents
Annex F (informative) Prediction of wind distribution for wind turbine sites by measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods
F.1 General
F.2 Measure-correlate-predict (MCP)
F.3 Application to annual mean wind speed and distribution
F.4 Application to extreme wind speed
F.5 Reference documents
Annex G (informative) Statistical extrapolation of loads for ultimate strength analysis
G.1 General
G.2 Data extraction for extrapolation
G.3 Load extrapolation methods
G.3.1 General
G.3.2 Global extremes
G.3.3 Local extremes
G.3.4 Long-term empirical distributions
G.4 Convergence criteria
G.4.1 General
G.4.2 Load fractile estimate
G.4.3 Confidence bounds
G.4.4 Confidence intervals based on bootstrapping
G.4.5 Confidence intervals based on the binomial distribution
G.5 Inverse first-order reliability method (IFORM)
G.6 Reference documents
Annex H (informative) Fatigue analysis using Miner’s rule with load extrapolation
H.1 Fatigue analysis
H.2 Reference documents
Annex I (informative) Contemporaneous loads
I.1 General
I.2 Scaling
I.3 Averaging
Annex J (informative) Prediction of the extreme wind speed of tropical cyclones by using Monte Carlo simulation method
J.1 General
J.2 Prediction of tropical cyclone induced extreme wind speeds
J.2.1 General
J.2.2 Evaluation of tropical cyclone parameters
J.2.3 Generation of synthetic tropical cyclones
J.2.4 Prediction of wind speeds in the tropical cyclone boundary
J.3 Prediction of extreme wind speed in mixed climate regions
J.3.1 General
J.3.2 Extreme wind distributions of extratropical cyclones by the MCP method
J.3.3 Extreme wind distributions of tropical cyclones by the MCS method
J.3.4 Determination of extreme wind speed in a mixed climate region
J.4 Reference documents
Annex K (informative) Calibration of structural material safety factors and structural design assisted by testing
K.1 Overview and field of application
K.2 Target reliability level
K.3 Safety formats
K.4 Reliability-based calibration
K.5 Calibration using the design value format
K.6 Partial safety factors for fatigue for welded details in steel structures
K.7 Types of tests for materials
K.8 Planning of tests
K.8.1 General
K.8.2 Objectives and scope
K.8.3 Prediction of test results
K.8.4 Specification of test specimen and sampling
K.8.5 Loading specifications
K.8.6 Testing arrangement
K.8.7 Measurements
K.8.8 Evaluation and reporting the test
K.9 General principles for statistical evaluations
K.10 Derivation of characteristic values
K.11 Statistical determination of characteristic value for a single property
K.12 Statistical determination of characteristic value for resistance models
K.12.1 General
K.12.2 Step 1: Develop a design model
K.12.3 Step 2: Compare experimental and theoretical values
K.12.4 Step 3: Estimate the mean value correction factor (bias) b
K.12.5 Step 4: Estimate the coefficient of variation of the errors
K.12.6 Step 5: Analyse compatibility
K.12.7 Step 6: Determine the coefficients of variation VXi of the basic variables
K.12.8 Step 7: Determine the characteristic value rk of the resistance
K.13 Reference documents
Annex L (informative) Cold climate: assessment and effects of icing climate
L.1 Assessment of icing climate conditions
L.1.1 General
L.1.2 Icing climate
L.1.3 Rotor icing
L.1.4 Measurement methods
L.1.5 Profile coefficients modification for ice
L.2 Ice mass effects on wind turbine blades
L.3 Cold climate design situations and load case
L.3.1 General
L.3.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.6)
L.3.3 Parked (standstill or idling) (DLC 6.1 to 6.5)
L.3.4 Parked and fault conditions (DLC 7.1)
L.4 Cold climate load calculations
L.5 Reference documents and bibliography
Annex M (informative) Medium wind turbines
M.1 Overview
M.2 External conditions
M.2.1 General
M.2.2 Wind shear
M.3 Assembly, installation and erection
M.4 Commissioning, operation and maintenance
M.5 Documentation
Bibliography
Figures
Figure 1 – Turbulence standard deviation and turbulence intensity for the normal turbulence model (NTM)
Figure 2 – Example of extreme operating gust
Figure 3 – Example of extreme direction change magnitude
Figure 4 – Example of extreme direction change transient
Figure 5 – Example of extreme coherent gust amplitude for ECD
Figure 6 – Direction change for ECD
Figure 7 – Example of direction change transient
Figure 8 – Examples of extreme positive and negative vertical wind shear, wind profile before onset (t = 0, dashed line) and at maximum shear (t = 6 s, full line)
Figure 9 – Example of wind speeds at rotor top and bottom, respectively, which illustrate the transient positive wind shear
Figure 10 – Examples of 30° sectors for fitting the terrain data
Figure 11 – Terrain variation (Δz) and terrain slope (θ )
Figure 12 – Possible combinations of normalized mean wind speed and Weibull shape parameter k (shaded area)
Figure D.1 – Structure model for response spectrum method
Figure E.1 – Configuration – Inside a wind farmwith more than 2 rows
Figure E.2 – The three fundamental parts of the DWM model
Figure K.1 – re-rt diagram
Figure L.1 – Definition of meteorological icing and rotor icing
Figure L.2 – Representative ice affected rotor area as defined by rotor icing height
Figure L.3 – Iced airfoil lift and drag penalty factors
Tables
Table 1 – Basic parameters for wind turbine classes
Table 2 – Design load cases (DLC)
Table 3 – Partial safety factors for loads γ
f
Table 4 – Minimum safety factor SH,min and SF,min for the yaw gear system
Table 5 – Threshold values of the terrain complexity categories L, M and H
Table 6 – Values of lateral and vertical turbulence standard deviations relative to the longitudinal component depending on terrain complexity category L, M and H
Table 7 – Values of turbulence structure correction parameter depending on terrain complexity category L, M and H
Table A.1 – Design parameters for describing cold climate wind turbine class S (CC-S)
Table B.1 – Design load cases
Table C.1 – Turbulence spectral parameters for the Kaimal model
Table E.1 – Number (N) of neighbouring wind turbines
Table G.1 – Parameters needed to establish binomial-based confidence intervals
Table G.2 – Short-term load exceedance probabilities as a function of hub-height wind speed for different wind turbine classes for use with the IFORM procedure
Table I.1 – Extreme loading matrix
Table K.1 – Partial safety factor for model uncertainty, γ δ
Table K.2 – Recommended values for partial safety factor for fatigue strength, γ Mf
Table K.3 – Recommended partial safety factor
for fatigue stresses, γ Ff
Table K.4 – Values of kn for the 5 % characteristic value
Table L.1 – Cold climate design load cases
Table L.2 – Blade ice mass and airfoil penalty factors used in different analysis types
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IEC 61400-1
Edition 4.0 2019-02
®
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Wind energy generation systems –
Part 1: Design requirements
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Licensed to: Vestas Library, Vestas Wind Systems A/S, 2019-02-26 07:10
IEC 61400-1
Edition 4.0 2019-02
®
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Wind energy generation systems –
Part 1: Design requirements
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 27.180
ISBN 978-2-8322-6253-5
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
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IEC 61400-1:2019 © IEC 2019
CONTENTS
5
6
7
7.4
4.1
4.2
6.4
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................... 10
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 12
1
Scope ............................................................................................................................ 13
2 Normative references .................................................................................................... 13
Terms and definitions .................................................................................................... 15
3
Symbols and abbreviated terms ..................................................................................... 23
4
Symbols and units................................................................................................. 23
Abbreviated terms ................................................................................................. 26
Principal elements ......................................................................................................... 27
General ................................................................................................................. 27
5.1
Design methods .................................................................................................... 27
5.2
Safety classes ...................................................................................................... 27
5.3
5.4
Quality assurance ................................................................................................. 27
5.5 Wind turbine markings .......................................................................................... 27
External conditions ........................................................................................................ 28
6.1
General ................................................................................................................. 28
6.2 Wind turbine classes ............................................................................................. 28
6.3 Wind conditions .................................................................................................... 30
General ......................................................................................................... 30
Normal wind conditions .................................................................................. 31
Extreme wind conditions ................................................................................ 33
Other environmental conditions ............................................................................. 38
General ......................................................................................................... 38
Normal other environmental conditions .......................................................... 39
Extreme other environmental conditions ........................................................ 39
Electrical power network conditions ...................................................................... 39
Structural design ........................................................................................................... 40
General ................................................................................................................. 40
Design methodology ............................................................................................. 40
Loads.................................................................................................................... 40
General ......................................................................................................... 40
Gravitational and inertial loads ...................................................................... 41
Aerodynamic loads ........................................................................................ 41
Actuation loads .............................................................................................. 41
Other loads .................................................................................................... 41
Design situations and load cases .......................................................................... 41
General ......................................................................................................... 41
Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5) ................................................................. 44
Power production plus occurrence of fault or loss of electrical network
connection (DLC 2.1 to 2.5) ........................................................................... 45
Start-up (DLC 3.1 to 3.3) ............................................................................... 47
Normal shutdown (DLC 4.1 to 4.2) ................................................................. 47
Emergency stop (DLC 5.1) ............................................................................. 48
Parked (standstill or idling) (DLC 6.1 to 6.4) .................................................. 48
Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 7.1) ........................................................... 49
Transport, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 8.1 and 8.2) ................... 49
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.4.7
7.4.8
7.4.9
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
6.5
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
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IEC 61400-1:2019 © IEC 2019
– 3 –
7.5
7.6
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.4.5
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5
7.6.6
Load calculations .................................................................................................. 49
Ultimate limit state analysis................................................................................... 50
Method .......................................................................................................... 50
Ultimate strength analysis .............................................................................. 53
Fatigue failure ............................................................................................... 56
Stability ......................................................................................................... 57
Critical deflection analysis ............................................................................. 57
Special partial safety factors .......................................................................... 58
8 Control system .............................................................................................................. 58
General ................................................................................................................. 58
Control functions ................................................................................................... 58
Protection functions .............................................................................................. 59
Control system failure analysis ............................................................................. 59
General ......................................................................................................... 59
Independence and common-cause failures .................................................... 60
Fault exclusions ............................................................................................. 60
Failure mode return periods ........................................................................... 60
Systematic failures ........................................................................................ 60
Manual operation .................................................................................................. 60
Emergency stop button function ............................................................................ 60
Manual, automatic, and remote restart .................................................................. 61
Braking system ..................................................................................................... 62
9 Mechanical systems ...................................................................................................... 62
General ................................................................................................................. 62
Errors of fitting ...................................................................................................... 63
Hydraulic or pneumatic systems ............................................................................ 63
Main gearbox ........................................................................................................ 63
Yaw system .......................................................................................................... 63
Pitch system ......................................................................................................... 64
Protection function mechanical brakes .................................................................. 64
Rolling element bearings ....................................................................................... 64
General ......................................................................................................... 64
Main shaft bearings ....................................................................................... 64
Generator bearings ........................................................................................ 64
Pitch and yaw bearings .................................................................................. 65
10 Electrical system ........................................................................................................... 65
10.1 General ................................................................................................................. 65
10.2 General requirements for the electrical system ..................................................... 65
10.3
Internal environmental conditions .......................................................................... 65
10.4 Protective devices ................................................................................................. 67
10.5 Disconnection from supply sources ....................................................................... 67
10.6 Earth system ......................................................................................................... 67
10.7
Lightning protection .............................................................................................. 67
10.8 Electrical cables .................................................................................................... 68
10.9 Self-excitation ....................................................................................................... 68
10.10 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse ............................................ 68
10.11 Power quality ........................................................................................................ 68
10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility ................................................................................ 69
10.13 Power electronic converter systems and equipment .............................................. 69
9.8.1
9.8.2
9.8.3
9.8.4
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IEC 61400-1:2019 © IEC 2019
10.14 Twist/drip loop ...................................................................................................... 69
10.15 Slip rings .............................................................................................................. 69
10.16 Vertical power transmission conductors and components ...................................... 70
10.17 Motor drives and converters .................................................................................. 70
10.18 Electrical machines ............................................................................................... 71
10.19 Power transformers ............................................................................................... 71
10.20 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear ................................................................ 71
10.21 High voltage switchgear ........................................................................................ 71
10.22 Hubs ..................................................................................................................... 72
11 Assessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditions ............................................... 72
11.1 General ................................................................................................................. 72
11.2 Assessment of the topographical complexity of the site and its effect on
11.2.1
11.2.2
turbulence ............................................................................................................. 72
Assessment of the topographical complexity .................................................. 72
Assessment of turbulence structure at the site ............................................... 75
11.3 Wind conditions required for assessment .............................................................. 76
General ......................................................................................................... 76
11.3.1
11.3.2 Wind condition parameters ............................................................................ 76
Measurement setup ....................................................................................... 77
11.3.3
11.3.4
Data evaluation ............................................................................................. 78
11.4 Assessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines ............................... 78
11.5 Assessment of other environmental conditions ...................................................... 78
11.6 Assessment of earthquake conditions ................................................................... 79
11.7 Assessment of electrical network conditions ......................................................... 80
11.8 Assessment of soil conditions ............................................................................... 80
11.9 Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data ................................. 80
General ......................................................................................................... 80
Assessment of the fatigue load suitability by reference to wind data .............. 80
Assessment of the ultimate load suitability by reference to wind data ............ 82
11.9.1
11.9.2
11.9.3
11.10 Assessment of structural integrity by load calculations with reference to site-
specific conditions ................................................................................................ 82
12 Assembly, installation and erection ................................................................................ 83
12.1 General ................................................................................................................. 83
12.2 Planning ............................................................................................................... 84
12.3
Installation conditions ........................................................................................... 84
12.4 Site access ........................................................................................................... 84
12.5 Environmental conditions ...................................................................................... 84
12.6 Documentation ...................................................................................................... 84
12.7 Receiving, handling and storage ........................................................................... 85
12.8 Foundation/anchor systems .................................................................................. 85
12.9 Assembly of wind turbine ...................................................................................... 85
12.10 Erection of wind turbine ........................................................................................ 85
12.11 Fasteners and attachments ................................................................................... 85
12.12 Cranes, hoists and lifting equipment ..................................................................... 85
13 Commissioning, operation and maintenance .................................................................. 86
13.1 General ................................................................................................................. 86
13.2 Design requirements for safe operation, inspection and maintenance ................... 86
13.3
Instructions concerning commissioning ................................................................. 87
General ......................................................................................................... 87
13.3.1
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IEC 61400-1:2019 © IEC 2019
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13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.3.5
Energization .................................................................................................. 87
Commissioning tests ...................................................................................... 87
Records ......................................................................................................... 87
Post commissioning activities ........................................................................ 87
13.4 Operator’s instruction manual ............................................................................... 87
General ......................................................................................................... 87
13.4.1
Instructions for operations and maintenance records ..................................... 88
13.4.2
Instructions for unscheduled automatic shutdown .......................................... 88
13.4.3
13.4.4
Instructions for diminished reliability .............................................................. 88
13.4.5 Work procedures plan .................................................................................... 88
Emergency procedures plan .......................................................................... 89
13.4.6
13.5 Maintenance manual ............................................................................................. 89
14 Cold climate .................................................................................................................. 90
14.1 General ................................................................................................................. 90
14.2
Low temperature and icing climate ........................................................................ 90
14.3 External conditions for cold climate ....................................................................... 90
General ......................................................................................................... 90
14.3.1
14.3.2 Wind turbine class for cold climate................................................................. 90
14.4 Structural design ................................................................................................... 91
14.5 Design situations and load cases .......................................................................... 91
General ......................................................................................................... 91
Load calculations ........................................................................................... 91
Selection of suitable materials ....................................................................... 91
14.6 Control systems .................................................................................................... 92
14.7 Mechanical systems .............................................................................................. 92
14.8 Electrical systems ................................................................................................. 92
Annex A (normative) Design parameters for external conditions ........................................... 93
Design parameters for describing wind turbine class S.......................................... 93
General ......................................................................................................... 93
Machine parameters ...................................................................................... 93
Wind conditions ............................................................................................. 93
Electrical network conditions ......................................................................... 93
Other environmental conditions (where taken into account) ........................... 94
A.1.1
A.1.2
A.1.3
A.1.4
A.1.5
14.5.1
14.5.2
14.5.3
A.1
A.2
Additional design parameters for describing cold climate wind turbine class
S (CC-S) ............................................................................................................... 94
B.1
B.2
Annex B (informative) Design load cases for special class S wind turbine design or
site suitability assessment .................................................................................................... 96
General ................................................................................................................. 96
Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.9) ........................................................................ 96
Annex C (informative) Turbulence models .......................................................................... 100
General ............................................................................................................... 100
C.1
C.2 Mann [3] uniform shear turbulence model ........................................................... 100
Kaimal [1] spectrum and exponential coherence model ....................................... 103
C.3
C.4
Reference documents ......................................................................................... 105
Annex D (informative) Assessment of earthquake loading .................................................. 106
General ............................................................................................................... 106
Design response spectrum .................................................................................. 106
Structure model .................................................................................................. 107
Seismic load evaluation ...................................................................................... 108
D.1
D.2
D.3
D.4
Licensed to: Vestas Library, Vestas Wind Systems A/S, 2019-02-26 07:10
– 6 –
IEC 61400-1:2019 © IEC 2019
E.1
E.2
D.5
D.6
Additional load .................................................................................................... 109
Reference documents ......................................................................................... 110
Annex E (informative) Wake and wind farm turbulence ...................................................... 111
Added wake turbulence method .......................................................................... 111
Dynamic wake meandering model ....................................................................... 113
General ....................................................................................................... 113
Wake deficit ................................................................................................. 114
Meandering ................................................................................................. 115
Wake induced turbulence............................................................................. 116
Wake superposition ..................................................................................... 116
Model synthesis ........................................................................................... 117
Reference documents ......................................................................................... 117
E.2.1
E.2.2
E.2.3
E.2.4
E.2.5
E.2.6
E.3
G.1
G.2
G.3
F.1
F.2
F.3
F.4
F.5
G.3.1
G.3.2
G.3.3
G.3.4
Annex F (informative) Prediction of wind distribution for wind turbine sites by
measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods .......................................................................... 118
General ............................................................................................................... 118
Measure-correlate-predict (MCP) ........................................................................ 118
Application to annual mean wind speed and distribution ...................................... 118
Application to extreme wind speed ...................................................................... 118
Reference documents ......................................................................................... 119
Annex G (informative) Statistical extrapolation of loads for ultimate strength analysis ........ 120
General ............................................................................................................... 120
Data extraction for extrapolation ......................................................................... 120
Load extrapolation methods ................................................................................ 121
General ....................................................................................................... 121
Global extremes .......................................................................................... 121
Local extremes ............................................................................................ 123
Long-term empirical distributions ................................................................. 123
Convergence criteria ........................................................................................... 124
General ....................................................................................................... 124
Load fractile estimate .................................................................................. 124
Confidence bounds ...................................................................................... 125
Confidence intervals based on bootstrapping ............................................... 125
Confidence intervals based on the binomial distribution ............................... 125
Inverse first-order reliability method (IFORM) ...................................................... 126
Reference documents ......................................................................................... 128
Annex H (informative) Fatigue analysis using Miner’s rule with load extrapolation .............. 130
Fatigue analysis .................................................................................................. 130
Reference documents ......................................................................................... 133
Annex I (informative) Contemporaneous loads ................................................................... 135
General ............................................................................................................... 135
Scaling ............................................................................................................... 136
Averaging ........................................................................................................... 136
G.4.1
G.4.2
G.4.3
G.4.4
G.4.5
I.1
I.2
I.3
G.4
G.5
G.6
H.1
H.2
J.1
J.2
Annex J (informative) Prediction of the extreme wind speed of tropical cyclones by
using Monte Carlo simulation method ................................................................................. 137
General ............................................................................................................... 137
Prediction of tropical cyclone induced extreme wind speeds ............................... 137
General ....................................................................................................... 137
Evaluation of tropical cyclone parameters .................................................... 137
Generation of synthetic tropical cyclones ..................................................... 138
J.2.1
J.2.2
J.2.3
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