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Bladed 4.4使用手册英文版.pdf
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Installation
1.2 Bladed modules
1.3 The Bladed Educational version
1.4 The Bladed Demonstration version
1.5 Support
1.6 Documentation
1.7 Acknowledgements
2. USING BLADED
2.1 General description and layout of the user interface
2.1.1 Main toolbar - pull-down menus
2.1.2 Toolbar icons
2.1.3 The calculation window
2.1.4 Sequence of operations
2.2 Entering data
2.3 Using project files
2.4 Performing calculations
2.5 Viewing results
2.6 Compiling reports
2.7 Data Encryption
2.8 User preferences
2.8.1 Standard tab
2.8.2 Net dongle settings tab
2.9 Context-sensitive help
2.10 Dongles
2.11 Component download
3. DEFINING THE TURBINE BLADES
3.1 Choosing blade stations
3.2 Blade geometry
3.3 Blade mass distribution
3.3.1 Distributed mass
3.3.2 Point masses
3.3.3 Vibration dampers
3.3.4 Blade icing
3.4 Blade stiffness distribution
3.5 Additional degrees of freedom
3.6 Conversion from older versions of Bladed
3.7 Aerofoil sections
3.8 Aerofoil datasets
3.8.1 Defining aerofoil datasets
3.8.2 Importing a dataset
3.8.3 Adding a new dataset manually or via the clipboard
3.8.4 Editing an existing dataset
3.8.5 Removing a dataset
3.8.6 Viewing aerofoil data graphically
3.9 Format of ASCII aerofoil files
3.10 Defining normal aerofoil sections
3.11 Defining aileron sections
4. DEFINING THE REST OF THE TURBINE
4.1 Defining the rotor
4.2 Defining the hub
4.3 Teeter restraint
4.4 Defining the tower
4.4.1 Monopile Tower
4.4.2 Multi-member tower
4.4.3 Flanges and point masses
4.4.4 Vibration dampers
4.4.5 Environment
4.4.6 Foundations
4.4.7 Moorings
4.5 Defining the power train
4.6 Transmission
4.6.1 Locked speed model
4.6.2 Dynamic model
4.6.3 External DLL for transmission dynamics
4.7 Drive train mountings
4.8 Generator
4.8.1 Induction generator
4.8.2 Variable speed generator models
4.8.3 Variable speed mechanical model
4.8.4 Preliminary design tool for variable speed electrical models
4.8.5 Synchronous generator with fully rated converter
4.8.6 Doubly fed induction generator model
4.8.7 Variable slip generator
4.8.8 User-defined generator model
4.8.9 Drive train damping feedback
4.9 Energy losses
4.9.1 Mechanical losses
4.9.2 Electrical losses
4.10 The Electrical Network
4.11 The nacelle
5. CONTROL SYSTEMS
5.1 Fixed Speed Stall Regulated Control
5.2 The fixed speed pitch regulated controller
5.2.1 Steady state parameters
5.2.2 Dynamic parameters
5.3 The variable speed stall regulated controller
5.3.1 Steady state parameters
5.3.2 Dynamic parameters
5.4 The variable speed pitch regulated controller
5.4.1 Steady state parameters
5.4.2 Dynamic parameters
5.5 PI control
5.6 Gain scheduling
5.7 Auto tune for internal PI controllers
5.8 Variable speed control below rated
5.8.1 Optimal tip speed ratio
5.8.2 Look-up table
5.8.3 Automatic calculation of optimal torque-speed curve
5.8.4 Other parameters
5.8.5 Control in the variable slip case
5.9 User-defined controllers
5.9.1 Using a user-defined controller
5.9.2 Signal noise and discretisation
5.10 Transducers
5.11 The Pitch Actuator
5.11.1 Safety System Pitch Action
5.11.2 Output Variables
5.12 The shaft brake
5.13 Start-up sequence
5.14 Normal stop sequence
5.15 Emergency stop sequence
5.16 Idling conditions
5.17 Parked conditions
5.18 Yaw control
5.18.1 Yaw Dynamics
5.18.2 Active Yaw
5.19 Safety System
5.19.1 Safety System Circuits
5.19.2 Safety System Pitch Action
5.19.3 Safety System Trips
6. DEFINING THE ENVIRONMENT
6.1 Defining the wind
6.2 Wind shear
6.3 Tower shadow
6.4 Upwind turbine wake
6.5 No time variation of wind speed
6.6 Single point wind history
6.7 3D turbulent wind
6.8 Transients
6.9 Definition of wind direction
6.10 Generating turbulent wind fields
6.10.1 Defining turbulence characteristics
6.10.2 Advanced options
6.10.3 Generating the turbulence field
6.11 Annual wind distribution
6.12 Defining Waves
6.12.1 None (no waves)
6.12.2 Irregular waves
6.12.3 Constrained waves
6.12.4 Regular waves
6.13 Defining Currents
6.13.1 Near-surface current
6.13.2 Sub-surface current
6.13.3 Near-shore current
6.14 Tide height
6.15 Scatter diagram
6.16 Earthquakes
6.16.1 Generating earthquake time histories
6.17 Point loading
7. EXECUTING WIND TURBINE CALCULATIONS
7.1 Modal analysis
7.1.1 Defining the modes
7.1.2 Performing the calculation
7.1.3 The modal frequencies
7.2 The calculations screen
7.2.1 Calculations available
7.2.2 Data required for calculations
7.2.3 Calculation options
7.2.4 Specifying outputs
7.2.5 Calculation parameters
7.2.6 Executing a calculation
7.2.7 Batch processing
7.2.8 Retrieving calculation details
7.3 Steady calculations
7.4 Simulations
7.5 Calculation parameters
7.6 Aerodynamic information calculation
7.7 Performance coefficients calculation
7.8 Steady power curve calculation
7.9 Steady operational loads calculation
7.10 Steady parked loads calculation
7.11 Model linearisation calculation
7.11.1 Selection of model features for linearisations and Campbell diagram
7.12 Electrical performance
7.13 Pitch and speed schedule
7.14 Simulation control
7.15 Initial conditions
7.16 Hardware test simulation
7.17 Aerodynamic models
7.18 Physical constants
7.19 Safety factors
7.20 Imbalances
7.21 Turbine Faults
7.21.1 Pitch faults
7.21.2 Generator and network faults
7.21.3 Yaw faults
7.21.4 Transducer faults
7.22 Controlling the calculation outputs
7.22.1 Blade outputs
7.22.2 Tower outputs
7.22.3 Other outputs
7.22.4 Co-ordinate systems
7.22.5 Exceptions to the use of the ‘GL’ co-ordinate system
7.23 Specifying calculation options
7.24 Multiple calculation setup
8. POST-PROCESSING
8.1 Basic statistics
8.2 Fourier harmonics
8.3 Periodic components
8.4 Extreme predictions
8.5 Auto spectrum
8.5.1 Options for spectral analysis
8.6 Cross spectrum
8.7 Probability density
8.8 Peak value analysis
8.9 Level crossing analysis
8.10 Rainflow cycle counting
8.11 Fatigue damage estimation
8.12 Setting bin limits
8.13 Annual energy yield
8.14 Channel Combination and Tabulation
8.14.1 Multiple processing option – Channel combination
8.14.2 Multiple processing option - Tabulation
8.14.3 Multiple processing option – Matrix combination
8.14.4 Multiple processing option – Old Style channel combination
8.14.5 Single channel combinations
8.15 Multiple Processing
8.16 Ultimate Loads
8.17 Ultimate Load Cases
8.18 Flicker
8.19 Linear Model
8.20 Extreme load extrapolation
8.21 Offshore Code Checking
8.21.1 Bladed-ANSYS® link
8.21.2 Bladed-SACS link
8.22 Data channel selection
8.22.1 Selecting independent variables
8.22.2 Messages and further information
8.22.3 Deleting information
9. GRAPHICAL DATA VIEW FACILITY
9.1 Graphs of several variables
9.2 Graph styles
9.3 Grids and logarithmic axes
9.4 Units
9.5 Axis limits
9.6 Graph titles
9.7 Graph legends and line styles
9.8 Cross-plots
9.9 Tabular output of results
9.10 Refreshing graphs
9.11 Graph configurations
9.12 Multiple Plotting and Tabulation
9.12.1 Graph configurations
9.12.2 Replacing variables
9.12.3 Replacing runs
9.12.4 Sequence Control
9.12.5 Tabulation of Ultimate Loads
9.12.6 Output
10. REPORTING
10.1 Project reports
10.2 Calculation reports
10.3 Adding calculation results to a report
10.4 Editing and printing reports
10.5 Linked graphs
10.6 LM Uploader
11. THE WINDFARMER LINK MODULE
11.1 The Windfarmer output file
11.2 The wind file template
11.3 The turbine model template
11.4 The fatigue processing template
11.5 The Ranking Calculation
11.6 Sectors and Options
11.6.1 Direction sectors
11.6.2 Overriding values from Windfarmer
11.7 Output folders and file naming convention
11.8 Image viewer
APPENDIX A Communication Between Bladed And External Controllers
A.1 The Bladed External Controller API
A.2 Simulation Status
A.3 Sending messages to the simulation
A.4 Pitch and torque override
A.5 Sending logging output to Bladed
APPENDIX B Example External Controller Code In Selected Languages
B.1 Simple example of DLL code written in C
B.2 Simple example of DLL code written in FORTRAN 90
APPENDIX C Gearbox DLL Interface Specification
C.1 1 DOF Gearbox DLL Interface
C.2 6 DOF Gearbox DLL Interface
APPENDIX D Generator DLL Interface Specification
APPENDIX E Pitch actuator DLL Interface Specification
E.1 Continuous DLL interface:
E.2 Discrete DLL interface:
References
Bladed User Manual
Version 4.4
DISCLAIMER
Acceptance of this document by the client is on the basis that Garrad Hassan
& Partners Ltd is not in any way to be held responsible for the application or
use made of the findings of the results from the analysis and that such
responsibility remains with the client.
COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved. Duplications of this document in any form are not allowed
unless agreed in writing by Garrad Hassan & Partners Ltd.
© 2013 Garrad Hassan & Partners Ltd.
Garrad Hassan & Partners Ltd.
St Vincent’s Works, Silverthorne Lane, Bristol BS2 0QD England
www.gl-garradhassan.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Bladed is an integrated software package for wind turbine performance and loading
calculations.
The Bladed theory manual gives full background information and details of the calculation
methods used. This user manual complements the theory manual by describing the
operation of the user interface. Much of this information is also available in the on-line Help
facility.
1.1 Installation
Bladed is designed to run on PC with the following minimum specification:
OS:
RAM:
Cores:
Clock-speed: 2.5GHz
Resolution:
XP (service pack 3).
2GB
2
1024 x 768
Bladed is supplied on CD and is installed by means of a setup program. The setup
procedure suggests an installation directory for the software, but allows the user to change
this if desired. A directory on the local hard disk is recommended.
Except for demonstration and educational versions, a software key or USB dongle is
provided. A network dongle can also be supplied on request. The setup procedure can
install the appropriate device driver and network licence manager.
The setup procedure also allows the installation of the Acrobat Reader if desired, which is
used to view the User and Theory Manuals on screen. It also installs the Matlab runtime
libraries which are used by several modules within Bladed.
The preferred screen resolution is at least 1024 x 768 (small fonts), although a resolution of
800 x 600 is acceptable.
1.2 Bladed modules
The Bladed package consists of a Base module and a number of optional modules, for which
licences are separately available. The Base Module consists of three parts:
Base Module
Main module
Capabilities
Steady state calculations, Saving project files, Writing reports,
Graphics.
Modal analysis, Simulations, Turbulence, Waves, Post-
processing.
Running calculations in batch mode.
Simulation module
Batch module
The following optional modules are available in addition:
Optional Modules
Linearisation
Seismic
Hardware test
Capabilities
Generation of linearised turbine models.
Earthquake simulation.
Test a real turbine controller by interfacing it to a Bladed
simulation running in real time.
Offshore support structure Multiple member tower and support structure.
Advanced Transmission
Interface
Advanced Pitch actuator
Interface
Electrical dynamics
Allows user-defined gearbox/transmission dynamics to be
integrated into Bladed simulations through a DLL interface.
Allows user-defined pitch actuator dynamics to be integrated
into Bladed simulations through a DLL interface.
Electrical models of generators and power coverters; network
voltage and frequency transients.
Site-specific load calculations using Windfarmer output.
Windfarmer link
1.3 The Bladed Educational version
Bladed Educational is available solely for academic and teaching purposes. Only the Base
Module is available, and there are a number of further restrictions, as follows:
Turbine model:
The number of blade radial stations is limited to 10 maximum;
The number of tower stations is limited to 5 maximum;
The pitch actuator model is fixed to a first order lag response with 0.3s time constant.
No other pitch actuator models are allowed.
The external controller facility is not available.
The use of encrypted data is not supported.
Environment:
Simulation periods are limited to 60s maximum.
The "seed" used to initialise the random number generators used to synthesise wind
turbulence and wave time series is fixed.
Only the longitudinal component of wind turbulence can be used in simulations. (The
other components can be synthesised, but will be ignored in simulations.)
Although the Seismic module is not available, a single seismic calculation is available
for demonstration purposes.
Calculations and post-processing:
Calculations cannot be run in Batch mode.
Model linearisation is not available, except as a demo calculation.
The following post-processing calculations are not available, except as demo
calculations:
ultimate loads
ultimate load cases
The Extreme Load Extrapolation calculation is not available.
linear model
1.4 The Bladed Demonstration version
A demonstration version of Bladed is available.
A demo project, demo_a.prj, is supplied with Bladed and will be found in the installation
folder. This contains simplified details of a representative but artificial 3-bladed 2MW offshore
variable speed pitch regulated turbine. This can be used to run most of the available
calculations.
The demonstration version is restricted as follows:
Operation
Modal analysis calculation
Turbulent wind generation
Steady calculations and simulations
Restrictions
Turbine details may not be changed
Turbulence details may not be changed
Turbine details may not be changed; other calculation
details may be changed
Calculation details and input data may not be
changed. The Extreme Load Extrapolation calculation
is not available.
Calculations cannot be run in Batch mode.
Not allowed
Not allowed, but a sample report may be viewed.
Not supported
Post processing calculations
Batch system
Saving project files
Writing reports
Encrypted data
Graphics: viewing calculation results Unrestricted
When running a calculation, a message box warns that the appropriate demo data will be
used for the calculation.
Other project files are also supplied for demonstration purposes. Although these can be
viewed, they cannot be used for running calculations.
1.5 Support
Bladed is supplied with a one-year maintenance and support agreement, which can be
renewed for further periods. This support includes a ‘hot-line’ help service by telephone, fax
or e-mail:
Telephone:
Fax:
E-mail
It is Garrad Hassan policy to work with clients to respond to their needs so that the software
can be constantly improved. As with any software of this complexity, a total absence of bugs
cannot be guaranteed, and any reports of bugs, along with comments or suggestions on any
aspect of the software, are welcomed. The maintenance and support agreement includes
+44 (0)117 972 9900
+44 (0)117 972 9901
BladedAdmin@gl-garradhassan.com
free provision of any revisions or upgrades of the software during the period of the
agreement.
Modifications to the software to meet the individual needs of specific clients can be made by
arrangement. Such work will be charged for at commercial rates.
1.6 Documentation
Much of the information contained in this manual is also available in the on-line help facility.
There is also a Bladed Theory Manual which explains in more detail the theory behind the
calculation methods used.
Section 2 of this User Manual gives an overview of how Bladed can be used. The later
sections then provide more detail on each function. Sections 3 to 5 explain in detail how to
set up a model of a turbine. Section 6 covers the specification of the wind field, and the sea
state for offshore turbines. Section 7 then explains how to set up and run wind turbine
calculations. The post-processing, graphics and reporting facilities are described in
Sections 8, 9 and 10 respectively.
1.7 Acknowledgements
Bladed was developed with assistance from the Commission of the European Communities
under the JOULE II programme, project no. JOU2-CT92-0198.
2. USING BLADED
This chapter gives an overview of the ways in which Bladed can be used. It covers the
following topics:
General description and layout of the user interface
Entering data
Using project files
Performing calculations
Viewing results
Compiling reports
More detailed descriptions follow in later chapters.
2.1 General description and layout of the user interface
On starting Bladed, the main Toolbar appears together with the Calculations screen. The
Toolbar consists of a set of graphical icons and a number of pull-down menus. The
Calculations screen allows the user to select, define and execute a particular calculation.
There are various ways of opening further screens which allow the user to define the
characteristics of the various parts of the turbine, as well as the characteristics of the wind
and various parameters which control the execution of calculations. There is also a graphics
facility for viewing results.
2.1.1 Main toolbar - pull-down menus
The pull-down menus may be used as follows:
File: use this menu to create, open and save project files, and to import modules from other
project files. A project file (.prj) contains wind turbine information and/or parameters defining
calculations. Using the file type selector on the File Open dialogue box, it is also possible to
open a project backup file (.prx), or a file containing all the details relating to a calculation
previously carried out (.$pj). This is useful for re-running the calculation with or without
modifications.
Use the Import facility to import individual modules from other project or calculation details
files into the currently active project.
The project file header information may be entered or edited using Project Info. Use Protect
project to enter a security password to prevent the file being modified by unauthorised users.
The Encrypt facility allows any part of the turbine model to be encrypted with a password, so
that the data can still be used for calculations but is completely invisible to the user. If
necessary, different parts of the turbine can be encrypted by different users, each with a
separate password. To make data visible again, use Decrypt and enter the correct
password.
Specify: this menu allows the user to move directly to a particular screen for specifying any
part of the turbine, or any calculation or load case. These screens are also accessible via the
Toolbar Icons described below.
Calculation: this menu allows particular calculations to be carried out. See also the
Calculation icon on the main toolbar described below. It also allows unwanted calculation
results to be deleted.
Batch: this is used to control batch7.2.7 processing of multiple runs. It also gives access to
the Windfarmer Link screen, for which a Windfarmer Link licence is required.
Reports: This menu also offers the possibility to write a project report or a calculation report,
to append graphs to a report, and to edit or print existing reports. It also gives a choice of
report format, which may be ASCII or Microsoft Word.
Tools: Copy results allows calculation results to be copied from one location to another. In
doing so, the results can be converted between binary and ascii formats if required. There is
also a facility to Delete results. Compare Projects allows two project and/or calculation
details files to be compared, and can generate a detailed report of the differences. Create
Header Files launches a tool to create header files for multiple ASCII data files so that
Bladed post processing and data view can be used. There is also a facility for configuring the
current printer, and to specify user preferences for certain option settings2.8.
Windows: switches between any of the currently open windows, and gives access to the
turbine summary information window and to the 3D graphical display (which can be animated
using the double-arrow icon).
Help: activates the on-line Help facility, which contains detailed information on Blade and
how to use it. It also gives on-line access to the Bladed User and Theory manuals, and to a
facility for upgrading the dongle or security device by entering an appropriate password.
2.1.2 Toolbar icons
Beneath the pull-down menus on the toolbar are the Toolbar Icons. Clicking on any one of
these opens up the corresponding screen, as follows:
Blades:3 to define the blade properties.
Aerofoil sections:3.7 to access a database of aerofoil section data.
Rotor:4.1 to define the properties of the rotor and overall turbine configuration.
Tower:4.4 to define the tower properties.
Power Train:0 to define the drive train, generator, energy losses and electrical network.
Nacelle:4.11 to define the nacelle geometry and mass.
Control:5 to define both power production and supervisory control systems.
The wind input:6.1 to define the wind speed and direction including spatial and temporal
variations.
Sea state:6.12,6.13,6.14 to define the waves, currents and tide height for offshore turbines.
Modal analysis:7.1 to specify the modal analysis of blade and tower vibrations.
Calculations:7.2 to select, specify and execute any particular calculation.
Data View:9 to view graphs or generate tables of results.
Analyse:8 to specify post-processing of results.
2.1.3 The calculation window
The Calculations window lists all the available calculations, any one of which may be
selected by clicking on it with the mouse. Next to each calculation is an indicator light. If this
is green, the calculation may be performed. A red light indicates that no data is available to
perform the selected calculation, while a yellow light indicates that some of the required data
has been defined but not all.
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