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RFID Handbook 3rd Edition.pdf
RFID HANDBOOK
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Automatic Identification Systems
1.1.1 Barcode Systems
1.1.2 Optical Character Recognition
1.1.3 Biometric Procedures
1.1.4 Smart Cards
1.1.5 RFID Systems
1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems
1.3 Components of an RFID System
2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems
2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features
2.2 Transponder Construction Formats
2.2.1 Disks and Coins
2.2.2 Glass Housing
2.2.3 Plastic Housing
2.2.4 Tool and Gas Bottle Identification
2.2.5 Keys and Key Fobs
2.2.6 Clocks
2.2.7 ID-1 Format, Contactless Smart Cards
2.2.8 Smart Label
2.2.9 Coil-on-Chip
2.2.10 Other Formats
2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling
2.4 Active and Passive Transponders
2.5 Information Processing in the Transponder
2.6 Selection Criteria for RFID Systems
2.6.1 Operating Frequency
2.6.2 Range
2.6.3 Security Requirements
2.6.4 Memory Capacity
3 Fundamental Operating Principles
3.1 1-Bit Transponder
3.1.1 Radio Frequency
3.1.2 Microwaves
3.1.3 Frequency Divider
3.1.4 Electromagnetic Types
3.1.5 Acoustomagnetic
3.2 Full- and Half-Duplex Procedure
3.2.1 Inductive Coupling
3.2.2 Electromagnetic Backscatter Coupling
3.2.3 Close-Coupling
3.2.4 Data Transfer Reader → Transponder
3.2.5 Electrical Coupling
3.3 Sequential Procedures
3.3.1 Inductive Coupling
3.3.2 Surface Acoustic Wave Transponder
3.4 Near-Field Communication (NFC)
3.4.1 Active Mode
3.4.2 Passive Mode
4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems
4.1 Magnetic Field
4.1.1 Magnetic Field Strength H
4.1.2 Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density
4.1.3 Inductance L
4.1.4 Mutual Inductance M
4.1.5 Coupling Coefficient k
4.1.6 Faraday’s Law
4.1.7 Resonance
4.1.8 Practical Operation of the Transponder
4.1.9 Interrogation Field Strength Hmin
4.1.10 Total Transponder–Reader System
4.1.11 Measurement of System Parameters
4.1.12 Magnetic Materials
4.2 Electromagnetic Waves
4.2.1 The Generation of Electromagnetic Waves
4.2.2 Radiation Density S
4.2.3 Characteristic Wave Impedance and Field Strength E
4.2.4 Polarisation of Electromagnetic Waves
4.2.5 Antennas
4.2.6 Practical Operation of Microwave Transponders
4.3 Surface Waves
4.3.1 The Creation of a Surface Wave
4.3.2 Reflection of a Surface Wave
4.3.3 Functional Diagram of SAW Transponders
4.3.4 The Sensor Effect
4.3.5 Switched Sensors
5 Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations
5.1 Frequency Ranges Used
5.1.1 Frequency Range 9–135 kHz
5.1.2 Frequency Range 6.78MHz (ISM)
5.1.3 Frequency Range 13.56MHz (ISM, SRD)
5.1.4 Frequency Range 27.125MHz (ISM)
5.1.5 Frequency Range 40.680MHz (ISM)
5.1.6 Frequency Range 433.920MHz (ISM)
5.1.7 UHF Frequency Range
5.1.8 Frequency Range 2.45GHz (ISM, SRD)
5.1.9 Frequency Range 5.8GHz (ISM, SRD)
5.1.10 Frequency Range 24.125GHz
5.1.11 Selection of a Suitable Frequency for Inductively Coupled RFID Systems
5.2 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
5.3 European Licensing Regulations
5.3.1 CEPT/ERC REC 70-03
5.3.2 Standardised Measuring Procedures
5.4 National Licensing Regulations in Europe
5.4.1 Germany
5.5 National Licensing Regulations
5.5.1 USA
5.6 Comparison of National Regulations
5.6.1 Conversion at 13.56MHz
5.6.2 Conversion on UHF
6 Coding and Modulation
6.1 Coding in the Baseband
6.2 Digital Modulation Procedures
6.2.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
6.2.2 2 FSK
6.2.3 2 PSK
6.2.4 Modulation Procedures with Subcarrier
7 Data Integrity
7.1 The Checksum Procedure
7.1.1 Parity Checking
7.1.2 LRC Procedure
7.1.3 CRC Procedure
7.2 Multi-Access Procedures – Anticollision
7.2.1 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
7.2.2 Frequency Domain Multiple Access (FDMA)
7.2.3 Time Domain Multiple Access (TDMA)
7.2.4 Examples of Anticollision Procedures
8 Security of RFID Systems
8.1 Attacks on RFID Systems
8.1.1 Attacks on the Transponder
8.1.2 Attacks on the RF Interface
8.2 Protection by Cryptographic Measures
8.2.1 Mutual Symmetrical Authentication
8.2.2 Authentication using Derived Keys
8.2.3 Encrypted Data Transfer
9 Standardisation
9.1 Animal Identification
9.1.1 ISO/IEC 11784 – Code Structure
9.1.2 ISO/IEC 11785 – Technical Concept
9.1.3 ISO/IEC 14223 – Advanced Transponders
9.2 Contactless Smart Cards
9.2.1 ISO/IEC 10536 – Close-Coupling Smart Cards
9.2.2 ISO/IEC 14443 – Proximity-Coupling Smart Cards
9.2.3 ISO/IEC 15693 – Vicinity-Coupling Smart Cards
9.2.4 ISO/IEC 10373 – Test Methods for Smart Cards
9.3 ISO/IEC 69873 – Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices
9.4 ISO/IEC 10374 – Container Identification
9.5 VDI 4470 – Anti-theft Systems for Goods
9.5.1 Part 1 – Detection Gates – Inspection Guidelines for Customers
9.5.2 Part 2 – Deactivation Devices – Inspection Guidelines for Customers
9.6 Item Management
9.6.1 ISO/IEC 18000 Series
9.6.2 GTAG Initiative
9.6.3 EPCglobal Network
10 The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers
10.1 Transponder with Memory Function
10.1.1 RF Interface
10.1.2 Address and Security Logic
10.1.3 Memory Architecture
10.2 Microprocessors
10.2.1 Dual Interface Card
10.3 Memory Technology
10.3.1 RAM
10.3.2 EEPROM
10.3.3 FRAM
10.3.4 Performance Comparison FRAM – EEPROM
10.4 Measuring Physical Variables
10.4.1 Transponder with Sensor Functions
10.4.2 Measurements Using Microwave Transponders
10.4.3 Sensor Effect in Surface Wave Transponders
11 Readers
11.1 Data Flow in an Application
11.2 Components of a Reader
11.2.1 RF Interface
11.2.2 Control Unit
11.3 Integrated Reader ICs
11.3.1 Integrated RF Interface
11.3.2 Single-Chip Reader IC
11.4 Connection of Antennas for Inductive Systems
11.4.1 Connection Using Current Matching
11.4.2 Supply via Coaxial Cable
11.4.3 The Influence of the Q Factor
11.5 Reader Designs
11.5.1 OEM Readers
11.5.2 Readers for Industrial Use
11.5.3 Portable Readers
11.6 Near-Field Communication
11.6.1 Secure NFC
12 The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless Smart Cards
12.1 Glass and Plastic Transponders
12.1.1 Chip Manufacture
12.1.2 Glass Transponders
12.1.3 Plastic Transponders
12.2 Contactless Smart Cards
12.2.1 Coil Manufacture
12.2.2 Connection Technique
12.2.3 Lamination
13 Example Applications
13.1 Contactless Smart Cards
13.2 Public Transport
13.2.1 The Starting Point
13.2.2 Requirements
13.2.3 Benefits of RFID Systems
13.2.4 Fare Systems using Electronic Payment
13.2.5 Market Potential
13.2.6 Example Projects
13.3 Contactless Payment Systems
13.3.1 MasterCard
13.3.2 ExpressPay by American Express
13.3.3 Visa Contactless
13.3.4 ExxonMobil Speedpass
13.4 NFC Applications
13.5 Electronic Passport
13.6 Ski Tickets
13.7 Access Control
13.7.1 Online Systems
13.7.2 Offline Systems
13.7.3 Transponders
13.8 Transport Systems
13.8.1 Eurobalise S21
13.8.2 International Container Transport
13.9 Animal Identification
13.9.1 Stock Keeping
13.9.2 Carrier Pigeon Races
13.10 Electronic Immobilisation
13.10.1 The Functionality of an Immobilisation System
13.10.2 Brief Success Story
13.10.3 Predictions
13.11 Container Identification
13.11.1 Gas Bottles and Chemical Containers
13.11.2 Waste Disposal
13.12 Sporting Events
13.13 Industrial Automation
13.13.1 Tool Identification
13.13.2 Industrial Production
13.14 Medical Applications
14 Appendix
14.1 Contact Addresses, Associations and Technical Periodicals
14.1.1 Industrial Associations
14.1.2 Technical Journals
14.1.3 RFID on the Internet
14.2 Relevant Standards and Regulations
14.2.1 Standardisation Bodies
14.2.2 List of Standards
14.2.3 Sources for Standards and Regulations
14.3 Printed Circuit Board Layouts
14.3.1 Test Card in Accordance with ISO 14443
14.3.2 Field Generator Coil
14.3.3 Reader for 13.56MHz
References
Index
RFID HANDBOOK
THIRD EDITION
RFID HANDBOOK
FUNDAMENTALS AND
APPLICATIONS IN CONTACTLESS
SMART CARDS, RADIO FREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION AND NEAR-FIELD
COMMUNICATION, THIRD EDITION
Klaus Finkenzeller
Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Munich, Germany
Translated by D¨orte M¨uller
Powerwording.com
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2010
2010, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to
reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
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required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Finkenzeller, Klaus.
[RFID Handbuch. English]
Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field
Communication, Third Edition / Klaus Finkenzeller ; translated by D¨orte M¨uller. – 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-69506-7 (cloth)
1. Inventory control–Automation. 2. Radio frequency identification systems. 3. Smart cards. I. Title.
TS160.F5513 2010
658.7
87 – dc22
2010008338
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-470-69506-7
Typeset in 9/11 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire, UK
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
List of Abbreviations
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Introduction
Automatic Identification Systems
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
A Comparison of Different ID Systems
Components of an RFID System
Barcode Systems
Optical Character Recognition
Biometric Procedures
Smart Cards
RFID Systems
Disks and Coins
Glass Housing
Plastic Housing
Tool and Gas Bottle Identification
Keys and Key Fobs
Clocks
ID-1 Format, Contactless Smart Cards
Smart Label
Coil-on-Chip
Other Formats
Differentiation Features of RFID Systems
Fundamental Differentiation Features
Transponder Construction Formats
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8
2.2.9
2.2.10
Frequency, Range and Coupling
Active and Passive Transponders
Information Processing in the Transponder
Selection Criteria for RFID Systems
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
Operating Frequency
Range
Security Requirements
Memory Capacity
xi
xiii
1
2
2
3
4
4
6
6
6
11
11
13
13
13
13
15
15
17
18
19
20
21
21
22
24
25
26
26
27
28
vi
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Radio Frequency
Microwaves
Frequency Divider
Electromagnetic Types
Acoustomagnetic
Fundamental Operating Principles
1-Bit Transponder
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
Full- and Half-Duplex Procedure
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
Sequential Procedures
3.3.1
3.3.2
Near-Field Communication (NFC)
3.4.1
3.4.2
Active Mode
Passive Mode
Inductive Coupling
Electromagnetic Backscatter Coupling
Close-Coupling
Data Transfer Reader → Transponder
Electrical Coupling
Inductive Coupling
Surface Acoustic Wave Transponder
Physical Principles of RFID Systems
4
4.1 Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field Strength H
4.1.1
Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density
4.1.2
Inductance L
4.1.3
Mutual Inductance M
4.1.4
Coupling Coefficient k
4.1.5
Faraday’s Law
4.1.6
Resonance
4.1.7
Practical Operation of the Transponder
4.1.8
Interrogation Field Strength Hmin
4.1.9
4.1.10
Total Transponder–Reader System
4.1.11 Measurement of System Parameters
4.1.12 Magnetic Materials
Electromagnetic Waves
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
Surface Waves
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
The Creation of a Surface Wave
Reflection of a Surface Wave
Functional Diagram of SAW Transponders
The Sensor Effect
Switched Sensors
The Generation of Electromagnetic Waves
Radiation Density S
Characteristic Wave Impedance and Field Strength E
Polarisation of Electromagnetic Waves
Antennas
Practical Operation of Microwave Transponders
4.2
4.3
5
5.1
Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations
Frequency Ranges Used
Contents
29
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29
33
34
35
38
39
40
45
48
49
50
52
52
55
57
57
59
61
61
61
66
66
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