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2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题.doc
2015 年武汉大学考博英语考试真题
一、阅读理解
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection
of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded
as one form.
of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment
equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an
eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed
an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This
can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive
justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern
times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has
committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist
Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal
to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true
self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore
the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own
will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the
criminal and it should not deny him his due.
Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of
corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality
but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal
opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal
is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to
become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause
of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions
must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be
permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that
criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime.
It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.
If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should
be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume
a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the
opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
best title
for this
selection
is （ ）
Punishment
to
the
Crime
to
Just
Punishment
1. The
A. Fitting
B. Approaches
C. Improvement
D. Attaining
in
Justice
Legal
in
Justice
the
Courts
2.The
passage
implies
that
the
basic
difference
between
retributive
ju
and
corrective
justice
is
the （ ） .
stice
A.
B.
C.
type of
severity for
reason
for
crime
that
was
proven
the
punishment
the
sentence
D.
outcome
of
the trial
3.
f
A.
B.
C.
The
punishment
justice
that
would
would
be
most
inconsistent
with
the
views
o
be（ ）.
corrective
forced
brain
surgery
whipping
solitary confinement
D.
the
electric
chair
4.
The
Biblical
expression
"an
order
for
eye
to （ ）.
an
eye, and
a
tooth
for
a
presented
equality
in
demands
just punishment
tooth” was
A.
B.
C.
D.
prove，that
justify
give moral
prove
that
the need
for
backing to
man has
punishment
retributive
as
a
part of
law
justice
long
been
interested
in
justice
known
be
of
human
up
"In
every
number
tied
to
n
great
ability,
ctice.
has
or
to
practice
some
Their
underwritten
be
performing
some feat."
human
society
the
male's
needs
recognized...
societies
men's
with
activity
sureness
their
of
that
women
are
maleness
not
in
for
In
their
achievement
sex
role
right,
allowed
to
ca
a
is
or
pra
fact
by
preventing
women
from
entering
some
field
This
is
the
way
the
of
conclusion
of
the
anthropologist
Margaret
Mead
about
in
the
roles
men
and women
in
society should
distinguished.
which
be
If
talk
emancipation
complete.
ic
and
p
hitherto
lusion
about
and
There
are
print
of
flow
a
bondage
is
considered
it
women
publications
of
would
is
about
of
seem
the
the
that
far
continuing
the
complicated
system
of
around
defences
which
men
have
thrown
accepted
advantages,
from
taking
sometimes
obvious
form
the
types
of
formal
from
domest
women
u
their
exc
of
occupation
and
sociable
groupings,
and
of
the
seriousness
of
women's
resolution
supposed,
bring
to
the
of
and
is
pretensions
that
of
business
running the
men,
world.
sometimes
automatic
the
more
subtle
form
doubt
to
the
level
of
intellect
it
erosi
the
woman
of
wome
married
increasin
numerous
i
in
admission
of
to
There
are
a
good
many
objective
pieces
of
evidence
for
the
on
first
place,
of
there
Prime
Minister,
men's
the
in India,
is
widespread
Sri
Lanka
status.
postwar
and
Israel.
In
phenomenon
of
the
and
n
women
gly
convergences
dentical
dress
and
Secondly,
there
who
is
the
very
work,
large
increase
in
the
number
especially
mothers
of
children.
More
diffusely
there
are
the
between
male
and
female
behaviour:
the
styles
approximation
coiffure,
of
hitherto exclusively
the
women
male
sharing
of
to
domestic
tasks,
all
and
the
sorts
leisure-time
activities.
Everyone
life.
imitive
human
han
that does
carries
or
It
is
round
with
him
a
natural
acquired
of
more
by
fairly
definite
idea
the
study
conditions
of
archaeology,
significant
humorous
theory
as
of
matter
not
as
expectations
of
since
an
people's
it
is
not
expression
sense
of
what
is
fundamentally
felt
n
between
ety
and
the
roles
men
to
fish
and
of
the
the
two
go
off
the
tribe
fight
fire
sexes.
In
this
rudimentary
out
next
to
door
while
women
going.
who
man,
sets
about
of
but
the
cartoons
pr
of
t
but
only
inwardly
i
differentiation
soci
hunt
the
Amorous
w
courtship
natural
proper
keep
initiative
ith
a
club.
is
firmly
reserved
to
the
"men's
sureness
of
their
sex
role"
in
the
first
parag
that they （ ）
phrase
The
5.
raph suggests
A.
B.
C.
D.
are
take the
have a
tend to
clear
be
confident
in
initiative
their
in
ability
courtship.
to
charm
women.
idea of
what
is
more
immoral
than
considered
are.
women
"manly".
6.
The
third
paragraph （）
agrees
with
the first
paragraph
generally
has
no
repeats
contradicts
connection
the argument
the last
with
the
first
paragraph
the
of
paragraph
second
paragraph
idea of
on
the
the
study
cave
of
archaeology
man in
the
last
paragraph（）
how people
expect
men
to
behave
dismissed
by
that the
the
man,
author
as
an
irrelevant
joke
not woman,
should
be
the
wooer
opening
quotation
from
man
and woman
which
the
Margaret
Mead
author（ ）
sums
up
a
relationship
b
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
A.
B.
C.
D.
based
usual
The
is
illustrates
is
proves
The
8.
etween
A.
B.
C.
D.
approves of
argues
is
completely
expects
to
natural
rejects
on
go
changing
Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to
plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market
sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive
government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month
U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion
over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get,
and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the
step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life
for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of
the Senate in November's mid term elections.
Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP,
compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just
enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find
their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.
In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for
each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because
of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as
if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister
of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."
Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land
and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve
output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy
over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to
Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to
qualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African producers to
avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With
trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly
as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor
countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African
Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from
handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the
Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.
This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all
the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges
trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions
caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November
members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to
a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.
Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being
addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those
talks and his personal devotion to free trade.
farmers （ ） receive
more government
subsidies
than
o
9.By comparison,
thers.?
A.in the
B.in Japan
C.in Europe
D.in America?
developing
world
10.In
addition
to
the economic
considerations,
there
is
a （ ） motive
behind
Bush’s
signing
of
the
new farm
bill.?
A.partisan
B.social
C.financial
D.cultural?
the
writer
attempts
to
convey
throughout
the
passage
i
message
that （ ）?
11.The
s
A.poor
B.“the
C.poor
ion?
D.farmers
ies
countries
should
least?developed
should
countries
given
equal
be
country” status
opportunities
benefits
remove
their
suspicions
about
trade
in
trade?
agricultural
countries?
liberalizat
in
poor
countries
should
also
receive
the
benefit
of
subsid
12.The
s
attitude
towards new
farm
writer
in
subsidies
the
U.S.
is （ ）?
’
A.favourable
B.ambiguous
C.critical
D.reserved
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather
than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken
by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often
served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work,
for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating
each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors
react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels
and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional
enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections
among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or
ignored.
Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving
satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient
reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by
Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern
fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black
fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent
literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years,
he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These
structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact
that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture,
whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.
Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic
analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not
his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems
misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting
results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this
a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind
of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane,
verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint
to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,
a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes
for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,
bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works
like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is
tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and
penetrating criticism.
The
author
objects
to
criticism
of
Black
fiction
like
that
by
Ad
Gayle
because
it（ ）.
emphasizes
misinterprets
misunderstands
purely
the
literary aspects
ideological
content of
of
such
fiction
the
notions
of
Black
such
identity
fiction
contained
in
such
fic
substitutes
political
for
literary
criteria
in
evaluating
such
fict
13
dison
A.
B.
C.
tion
D.
ion
14.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The author
evaluating
comparing
discussing
summarizing
of
the
the
soundness
passage
of
is
a
work
critical approaches
various
the
limitations of
points
the major
a
made
of
to
criticism
"a
particular
subject
of
kind
criticism
in
a
work
of
criticism
primarily
concerned
with （ ）.
author's
discussion
of
Black
Fiction
can
be
best
described
a
The
15.
s （ ）.
A.
B.
C.
D.
pedantic and
critical but
ironic
argumentative
and
contentious
admiring
deprecating
but
unfocused
that
the author
would
be
LEAST
likely
to
ap
political
events
on
the
personal
applies
sociopolitical
criteria
to
autobiogra
It
16.
prove
A.
An
of
can
be
which
analysis
ideology
of
inferred
of
of
Black
the
the
writers
following （ ）
influence
of
B.
A
phies
C.
A
ems
D.
on
critical
by
Black
literary
according
examination
An
within
the
that
study
authors
study
the
of
of
Black
political
the
context of
growth
Black
to
that
poetry
acceptability
of
a
history
appraises
the
merits
of
po
of
distinct
their
Black
themes
literary
traditi
二、汉译英
得病以前， 我受父母宠爱 ，在家中横行霸道 。一旦隔离， 拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小
房子里，我顿感到打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父
母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢 。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗帘，窥见园
中大千世界，一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间， 个个喜气洋洋 。一瞬间，
一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头 ，禁不住痛哭起来。
三、作文
How
to
Prevent Plagiarism
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