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2015年武汉大学考博英语真题.doc
2015 年武汉大学考博英语真题
一、阅读理解
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the
selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice
is regarded as one form.
of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea
of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression
"an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done
wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society
must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception
of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and
procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for
a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by
the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give
a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions
denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this
denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than
giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right
the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.
Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of
corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality
but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of
equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The
criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable
him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered,
the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed,
provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable
should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean
that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers
of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even
with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this,
it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity
to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him
of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
1. The
best title
for this
selection
is （ ）
A. Fitting
Punishment
to
the
Crime
B. Approaches
to
Just
Punishment
C. Improvement
in
Legal
Justice
D. Attaining
Justice
in
the
Courts
2.passage
implies
that
the
basic
difference
between
retributive
justic
e
and
corrective
justice
is
the （ ） .
A.
type of
crime
that
was
proven
B.
severity for
the
punishment
C.
reason
for
the sentence
D.
outcome
of
the trial
3.
The
punishment
that
would
be
most
inconsistent
with
the
views
of
corrective
justice
would
be（ ）.
A.
forced
brain
surgery
B.
whipping
C.
solitary confinement
D.
the
electric
chair
4.
The
Biblical
expression
"an
eye
for
an
eye,
and
a
tooth
for
a
tooth” was
presented
in
order
to （ ）.
A.
prove，that
equality
demands
just punishment
B.
justify
the need
for
punishment
as
a
part of
law
C.
give moral
backing to
retributive
justice
D.
prove
that
man has
long
been
interested
in
justice
5.
The
phrase
"men's
sureness
of
their
sex
role"
in
the
first
para
graph
suggests
that
they （ ）
A.
are
confident
in
their
ability
to
charm
women.
B.
take the
initiative
in
courtship.
C.
have a
clear
idea of
what
is
considered
"manly".
D.
tend to
be
more
immoral
than
women
are.
6.
The
third
paragraph （）
A.
generally
agrees
with
the first
paragraph
B.
has
no
connection
with
the
first
paragraph
C.
repeats
the argument
of
the
second
paragraph
D.
contradicts
the last
paragraph
7.
The
usual
idea of
the
cave
man in
the
last
paragraph（）
A.
is
based
on
the
study
of
archaeology
B.
illustrates
how people
expect
men
to
behave
C.
is
dismissed
by
the
author
as
an
irrelevant
joke
D.
proves
that the
man,
not woman,
should
be
the
wooer
8.
The
opening
quotation
from
Margaret
Mead
sums
up
a
relationship
between
man and
woman
which
the author（ ）
A.
approves of
B.
argues
is
natural
C.
completely
rejects
D.
expects
to
go
on
changing
Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to
plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market
sets. Farmers in Europe, the . and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government
subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month . President
Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next
10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes .
agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was
necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for
generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the
Senate in November's mid term elections.
Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP,
compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just
enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find
their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.
In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for
each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because
of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as
if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister
of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."
Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land
and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should
improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's
economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and
vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly
too rich to qualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African
producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural
products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will
shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the
great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works:
Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of
everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers.
The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.
This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all
the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges
trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions
caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November
members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed
to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.
Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being
addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those
talks and his personal devotion to free trade.
9.comparison,
farmers （ ） receive
more
government
subsidies
than
ot
hers.
the
developing
world
Japan
Europe
America
10.addition
to
the
economic considerations,
there
is
a （ ） motive
behind
Bush’s
signing
of
the
new farm
bill.
11.message
the
writer
attempts
to
convey
throughout
the
passage
is
that （ ）
countries
should
be
given
equal
opportunities
in
trade
B.
“the
leastdeveloped
country” status
benefits
agricultural
countries
countries
should
remove
their
suspicions
about
trade
liberalization
in
poor
countries
should
also
receive the
benefit
of
subsidies
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather
than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken
by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often
served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work,
for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,
rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors
react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about
novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the
fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and
connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have
overlooked or ignored.
Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving
satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient
reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by
Black authors Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern
fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction
constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary
tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he
discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These
structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact
that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture,
whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.
Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic
analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is
not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems
misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting
results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is
this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different
kind of aesthetic In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’
s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a
counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black
heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of
expression
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes
for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,
bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works
like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is
tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and
penetrating criticism.
12.The
author
objects
to
criticism
of
Black
fiction
like
that
by
Ad
dison
Gayle
because
it（ ）.
A.
emphasizes
purely
literary aspects
of
such
fiction
B.
misinterprets
the
ideological
content of
such
fiction
C.
misunderstands
the
notions
of
Black
identity
contained
in
such
fi
ction
D.
substitutes
political
for
literary
criteria
in
evaluating
such
fic
tion
13.The
author
of
the
passage is
primarily
concerned
with （ ）.
A.
evaluating
the
soundness
of
a
work
of
criticism
B.
comparing
various
critical approaches
to
"a
subject
C.
discussing
the
limitations of
a
particular
kind
of
criticism
D.
summarizing
the major
points
made
in
a
work
of
criticism
14.The
author's
discussion
of
Black
Fiction
can
be
best
described
as
（ ）.
A.
pedantic and
contentious
B.
critical but
admiring
C.
ironic
and
deprecating
D.
argumentative
but
unfocused
15.
It
can
be
inferred
that
the
author
would
be
LEAST
likely
to
a
pprove
of
which
of
the
following （ ）
A.
An
analysis
of
the
influence
of
political
events
on
the
personal
ideology
of
Black
writers
B.
A
critical
study
that
applies
sociopolitical
criteria
to
autobiogr
aphies
by
Black
authors
C.
A
literary
study
of
Black
poetry
that
appraises
the
merits
of
p
oems according
to
the political
acceptability
of
their
themes
D.
An
examination
of
the
growth
of
a
distinct
Black
literary
tradit
ion
within
the context
of
Black
history
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