java tutorial.pdf

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BASICS

1 Overview

History of Java

Tools You Will Need

Try It Option

What is Next?

2 Environment Setup

Try it Option Online

Local Environment Setup

Popular Java Editors

What is Next?

3 Basic Syntax

First Java Program

Basic Syntax

Java Identifiers

Java Modifiers

Java Variables

Java Arrays

Java Enums

Java Keywords

Comments in Java

Using Blank Lines

Inheritance

Interfaces

What is Next?

4 Objects & Classes

Objects in Java

Classes in Java

Constructors

How to Use Singleton Class?

Creating an Object

Accessing Instance Variables and Methods

Source File Declaration Rules

Java Package

Import Statements

A Simple Case Study

What is Next?

5 Basic Datatypes

Primitive Datatypes

Reference Datatypes

Java Literals

What is Next?

6 Variable Types

Local Variables

Instance Variables

Class/static Variables

What is Next?

7 Modifier Types

Java Access Modifiers

Java Non-Access Modifiers

What is Next?

8 Basic Operators

The Arithmetic Operators

The Relational Operators

The Bitwise Operators

The Logical Operators

The Assignment Operators

Miscellaneous Operators

Precedence of Java Operators

What is Next?

9 Loop Control

While Loop in Java

for Loop in Java

Do While Loop in Java

Loop Control Statements

Break Statement in Java

Continue Statement in Java

Enhanced for Loop in Java

What is Next?

10 Decision Making

If Statement in Java

If-else Statement in Java

The if ... else if...else Statement

Nested if Statement in Java

Switch Statement in Java

The ?: Operator

What is Next?

11 Numbers Class

Number Methods

Java xxxValue Method

Java - compareTo Method

Java - equals Method

Java - valueOf Method

Java - toString Method

Java - parseInt Method

Java - abs Method

Java - ceil Method

Java - floor Method

Java - rint Method

Java - round Method

Java - min Method

Java - max Method

Java - exp Method

Java - log Method

Java - pow Method

Java - sqrt Method

Java - sin Method

Java - cos Method

Java - tan Method

Java - asin Method

Java - acos Method

Java - atan Method

Java - atan2 Method

Java - toDegrees Method

Java - toRadians Method

Java - random Method

What is Next?

12 Character Class

Escape Sequences

Character Methods

Java - isLetter Method

Java - isDigit Method

Java - isWhitespace Method

Java - isUpperCase Method

Java - isLowerCase Method

Java - toUpperCase Method

Java - toLowerCase Method

Java - toString Method

What is Next?

13 Strings Class

Creating Strings

Java - String Buffer & String Builder Classes

StringBuffer Methods

Java - StringBuffer append Method

Java - StringBuffer reverse Method

Java - StringBuffer delete Method

Java - StringBuffer insert Method

Java - StringBuffer replace Method

String Length

Concatenating Strings

Creating Format Strings

String Methods

Java - String charAt Method

Java - String compareTo(Object o) Method

Java - String compareTo(String str) Method

Java - String compareToIgnoreCase Method

Java - String concat Method

Java - String contentEquals Method

Java - String copyValueOf(char[] data) Method

Java - String copyValueof(char[] data, int offset, int count) Method

Java - String endsWith Method

Java - String equals Method

Java - String equalsIgnoreCase Method

Java - String getBytes(String charsetName) Method

Java - String getBytes Method

Java - String getChars Method

Java - String hashCode Method

Java - String indexOf(int ch) Method

Java - String indexOf(int ch int fromIndex) Method

Java - String indexOf(String str) Method

Java - String indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) Method

Java - String Intern Method

Java - String lastIndexOf(int ch) Method

Java - String lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) Method

Java - String lastIndexOf(String str) Method

Java - String lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) Method

Java - String length Method

Java - String matches Method

Java - String regionMatches Method

Java - String replace Method

Java - String replaceAll Method

Java - String replaceFirst Method

Java - String split Method

Java - String startsWith Method

Java - String subSequence Method

Java - String subString Method

Java - String toCharArray Method

Java - String toLowerCase Method

Java - String toString Method

Java - String toUpperCase Method

Java - String trim Method

Java - String valueOf Method

14 Arrays

Declaring Array Variables

Creating Arrays

Processing Arrays

The foreach Loops

Passing Arrays to Methods

Returning an Array from a Method

The Arrays Class

15 Date & Time

Getting Current Date & Time

Date Comparison

Simple DateFormat Format Codes

Date and Time conversion Characters

Parsing Strings into Dates

Sleeping for a While

Measuring Elapsed Time

GregorianCalendar Class

16 Regular Expressions

Capturing Groups

Regular Expression Syntax

Methods of the Matcher Class

17 Methods

Creating Method

Method Calling

The void Keyword

Passing Parameters by Value

Method Overloading

Using Command-Line Arguments

The Constructors

Parameterized Constructor

The this keyword

Variable Arguments(var-args)

The finalize() Method

18 Files and I/O

Stream

Standard Streams

Reading and Writing Files

FileInputStream

ByteArrayInputStream

DataInputStream

FileOutputStream

ByteArrayOutputStream

DataOutputStream

File Navigation and I/O

File Class

FileReader Class

FileWriter Class

Directories in Java

Listing Directories

19 Exceptions

Exception Hierarchy

Built-in Exceptions

Exceptions Methods

Catching Exceptions

Multiple Catch Blocks

Catching Multiple Type of Exceptions

The Throws/Throw Keywords

The Finally Block

The try-with-resources

User-defined Exceptions

Common Exceptions

20 Inner Classes

Nested Classes

Inner Classes (Non-static Nested Classes)

Accessing the Private Members

Method-local Inner Class

Annonymous Inner Class

Annonymous Inner Class as Argument

Static Nested Class

OBJECT ORIENTED

21 Inheritance

extends Keyword

Sample Code

The super Keyword

Invoking Superclass Constructor

IS-A Relationship

The instanceof Keyword

HAS-A Relationship

Types of Inheritance

22 Overriding

Rules for Method Overriding

Using the super Keyword

23 Polymorphism

Virtual Methods

24 Abstraction

Abstract Class

Inheriting the Abstract Class

Abstract Methods

25 Encapsulation

Benefits of Encapsulation

26 Interfaces

Declaring Interfaces

Implementing Interfaces

Extending Interfaces

Extending Multiple Interfaces

Tagging Interfaces

27 Packages

Creating a Package

The import Keyword

The Directory Structure of Packages

Set CLASSPATH System Variable

ADVANCED

28 Data Structures

The Enumeration

The BitSet

The Vector

The Stack

The Dictionary

The Hashtable

The Properties

29 Collections Framework

The Collection Interfaces

The Collection Interface

The List Interface

The Set Interface

The SortedSet Interface

The Map Interface

The Map.Entry Interface

The SortedMap Interface

The Enumeration Interface

The Collection Classes

The LinkedList Class

The ArrayList Class

The HashSet Class

The LinkedHashSet Class

The TreeSet Class

The HashMap Class

The TreeMap Class

The WeakHashMap Class

The LinkedHashMap Class

The IdentityHashMap Class

The Vector Class

The Stack Class

The Dictionary

The Map Interface

The Hashtable Class

The Properties Class

The BitSet Class

The Collection Algorithms

How to Use an Iterator?

How to use a Comparator?

Summary

30 Generics

Generic Methods

Bounded Type Parameters

Generic Classes

31 Serialization

Serializing an Object

Deserializing an Object

32 Networking

URL Processing

URL Class Methods

URLConnections Class Methods

Socket Programming

ServerSocket Class Methods

Socket Class Methods

InetAddress Class Methods

Socket Client Example

Socket Server Example

33 Sending E-mail

Send a Simple E-mail

Send an HTML E-mail

Send Attachment in E-mail

User Authentication Part

34 Multithreading

Life Cycle of a Thread

Thread Priorities

Create a Thread by Implementing a Runable Interface

Create a Thread by Extending a Thread Class

Thread Methods

Major Java Multithreading Concepts

Thread Synchronization

Interthread Communication

Thread Deadlock

Thread Control

35 Applet Basics

Life Cycle of an Applet

A "Hello, World" Applet

The Applet Class

Invoking an Applet

HTML Tag

HTML Attribute Reference

HTML Events Reference

Getting Applet Parameters

Specifying Applet Parameters

Application Conversion to Applets

Event Handling

Displaying Images

Playing Audio

36 Documentation Comments

What is Javadoc?

The javadoc Tags

About the Tutorial Java Java is a high-level programming language originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. Java runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. This tutorial gives a complete understanding of Java. This reference will take you through simple and practical approaches while learning Java Programming language. Audience This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to Java Programming language. Prerequisites Before you start practicing various types of examples given in this reference, we assume that you are already aware about computer programs and computer programming languages. Execute Java Online For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a ‘Try it’ option, which you can use to execute your Java programs at the spot and enjoy your learning. Try following the example using the ‘Try it’ option available at the top right corner of the following sample code box − public class MyFirstJavaProgram { public static void main(String []args) { System.out.println("Hello World"); } } i

Java Table of Contents About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i Execute Java Online .......................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii JAVA – BASICS ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. 2. 3. 4. Java – Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 2 History of Java ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Tools You Will Need ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Try It Option .................................................................................................................................................... 4 What is Next? .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Java - Environment Setup ......................................................................................................................... 5 Try it Option Online ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Local Environment Setup ................................................................................................................................. 5 Popular Java Editors ........................................................................................................................................ 6 What is Next? .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Java – Basic Syntax .................................................................................................................................... 7 First Java Program ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Basic Syntax ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Java Identifiers ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Java Modifiers.................................................................................................................................................. 9 Java Variables .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Java Arrays ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 Java Enums .................................................................................................................................................... 10 Java Keywords ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Comments in Java .......................................................................................................................................... 11 Using Blank Lines ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Inheritance .................................................................................................................................................... 12 Interfaces ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................ 12 Java – Objects & Classes.......................................................................................................................... 13 Objects in Java ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Classes in Java ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Constructors .................................................................................................................................................. 14 How to Use Singleton Class? ......................................................................................................................... 15 Creating an Object ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Accessing Instance Variables and Methods ................................................................................................... 18 Source File Declaration Rules ........................................................................................................................ 20 Java Package .................................................................................................................................................. 20 Import Statements ........................................................................................................................................ 21 A Simple Case Study ...................................................................................................................................... 21 What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................ 23 ii

Java 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Java – Basic Datatypes ............................................................................................................................ 24 Primitive Datatypes ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Reference Datatypes ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Java Literals ................................................................................................................................................... 26 What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................ 28 Java – Variable Types .............................................................................................................................. 29 Local Variables ............................................................................................................................................... 29 Instance Variables ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Class/static Variables ..................................................................................................................................... 33 What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................ 34 Java – Modifier Types ............................................................................................................................. 35 Java Access Modifiers .................................................................................................................................... 35 Java Non-Access Modifiers ............................................................................................................................ 38 The Static Modifier ........................................................................................................................................ 38 The Final Modifier ......................................................................................................................................... 39 The Abstract Modifier.................................................................................................................................... 41 Access Control Modifiers ............................................................................................................................... 43 Non-Access Modifiers .................................................................................................................................... 44 What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................ 44 Java – Basic Operators ............................................................................................................................ 45 The Arithmetic Operators .............................................................................................................................. 45 The Relational Operators............................................................................................................................... 47 The Bitwise Operators ................................................................................................................................... 49 The Logical Operators .................................................................................................................................... 52 The Assignment Operators ............................................................................................................................ 53 Miscellaneous Operators ............................................................................................................................... 57 Precedence of Java Operators ....................................................................................................................... 59 What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................ 59 Java – Loop Control ................................................................................................................................. 60 While Loop in Java ......................................................................................................................................... 61 for Loop in Java .............................................................................................................................................. 62 Do While Loop in Java ................................................................................................................................... 65 Loop Control Statements ............................................................................................................................... 67 Break Statement in Java ................................................................................................................................ 67 Continue Statement in Java ........................................................................................................................... 69 Enhanced for loop in Java .............................................................................................................................. 70 What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................ 71 10. Java – Decision Making ........................................................................................................................... 72 If Statement in Java ....................................................................................................................................... 73 If-else Statement in Java................................................................................................................................ 74 The if...else if...else Statement ...................................................................................................................... 76 Nested if Statement in Java ........................................................................................................................... 77 Switch Statement in Java ............................................................................................................................... 78 The ? : Operator: ........................................................................................................................................... 80 What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................ 81 iii

Java 11. Java – Numbers Class .............................................................................................................................. 82 Number Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 83 Java XXXValue Method .................................................................................................................................. 86 Java – compareTo() Method .......................................................................................................................... 87 Java – equals() Method ................................................................................................................................. 88 Java – valueOf() Method ............................................................................................................................... 89 Java – toString() Method ............................................................................................................................... 91 Java – parseInt() Method ............................................................................................................................... 92 Java – abs() Method ...................................................................................................................................... 93 Java – ceil() Method ...................................................................................................................................... 94 Java – floor() Method .................................................................................................................................... 95 Java – rint() Method ...................................................................................................................................... 96 Java – round() Method .................................................................................................................................. 97 Java – min() Method ...................................................................................................................................... 98 Java – max() Method ..................................................................................................................................... 99 Java – exp() Method .................................................................................................................................... 100 Java – log() Method ..................................................................................................................................... 101 Java – pow() Method ................................................................................................................................... 102 Java – sqrt() Method .................................................................................................................................... 103 Java – sin() Method ..................................................................................................................................... 104 Java – cos() Method ..................................................................................................................................... 105 Java – tan() Method ..................................................................................................................................... 106 Java – asin() Method ................................................................................................................................... 107 Java – acos() Method ................................................................................................................................... 108 Java – atan() Method ................................................................................................................................... 109 Java – atan2() Method ................................................................................................................................. 110 Java – toDegrees() Method ......................................................................................................................... 111 Java – toRadians() Method .......................................................................................................................... 112 Java – random() Method ............................................................................................................................. 113 What is Next? .............................................................................................................................................. 114 12. Java – Character Class ........................................................................................................................... 115 Escape Sequences ........................................................................................................................................ 115 Character Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 117 Java – isLetter() Method .............................................................................................................................. 117 Java – isDigit() Method ................................................................................................................................ 118 Java – isWhitespace() Method .................................................................................................................... 119 Java – isUpperCase() Method ...................................................................................................................... 120 Java – isLowerCase() Method ...................................................................................................................... 121 Java – toUpperCase() Method ..................................................................................................................... 122 Java – toLowerCase() Method ..................................................................................................................... 123 Java – toString() Method ............................................................................................................................. 124 What is Next? .............................................................................................................................................. 125 13. Java – Strings Class ................................................................................................................................ 126 Creating Strings ........................................................................................................................................... 126 Java – String Buffer & String Builder Classes ............................................................................................... 126 StringBuffer Methods .................................................................................................................................. 127 Java – String Buffer append() Method ........................................................................................................ 128 Java – String Buffer reverse() Method ......................................................................................................... 129 iv

Java Java – String Buffer delete() Method .......................................................................................................... 130 Java – String Buffer insert() Method ........................................................................................................... 131 Java – String Buffer replace() Method ......................................................................................................... 132 String Length................................................................................................................................................ 135 Concatenating Strings .................................................................................................................................. 136 Creating Format Strings ............................................................................................................................... 136 String Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 137 Java – String chartAt() Method .................................................................................................................... 142 Java – String compareTo(Object o) Method ................................................................................................ 143 Java – String compareTo(String anotherString) Method ............................................................................. 144 Java – String compareToIgnoreCase() Method ........................................................................................... 145 Java – String concat() Method ..................................................................................................................... 146 Java – String contentEquals() Method ......................................................................................................... 147 Java – String copyValueOf(char[] data) Method ......................................................................................... 148 Java – String copyValueOf(char[] data, int offset, int count) Method......................................................... 149 Java – String endsWith() Method ................................................................................................................ 150 Java – String equals() Method ..................................................................................................................... 151 Java – String equalsIgnoreCase() Method ................................................................................................... 152 Java – String getBytes(String charsetName) Method .................................................................................. 154 Java – String getBytes() Method .................................................................................................................. 155 Java – String getChars() Method ................................................................................................................. 156 Java – String hashCode() Method ................................................................................................................ 157 Java – String indexOf(int ch) Method .......................................................................................................... 158 Java – String indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) Method .................................................................................. 159 Java – String indexOf(String str) Method .................................................................................................... 160 Java – String indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) Method ............................................................................. 161 Java – String Intern() Method ...................................................................................................................... 162 Java – String lastIndexOf(int ch) Method .................................................................................................... 163 Java – String lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) Method ............................................................................ 164 Java – String lastIndexOf(String str) Method ............................................................................................... 165 Java – String lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) Method ....................................................................... 166 Java – String length() Method ..................................................................................................................... 167 Java – String matches() Method .................................................................................................................. 168 Java – String regionMatches() Method ....................................................................................................... 169 Java – String regionMatches() Method ....................................................................................................... 171 Java – String replace() Method .................................................................................................................... 173 Java – String replaceAll() Method ................................................................................................................ 174 Java – String replaceFirst() Method ............................................................................................................. 175 Java – String split() Method ......................................................................................................................... 176 Java – String split() Method ......................................................................................................................... 178 Java – String startsWith() Method ............................................................................................................... 180 Java – String startsWith() Method ............................................................................................................... 181 Java – String subsequence() Method .......................................................................................................... 182 Java – String substring() Method ................................................................................................................. 183 Java – String substring() Method ................................................................................................................. 184 Java – String toCharArray() Method ............................................................................................................ 186 Java – String toLowerCase() Method ........................................................................................................... 187 Java – String toLowerCase() Method ........................................................................................................... 188 Java – String toString() Method ................................................................................................................... 189 Java – String toUpperCase() Method ........................................................................................................... 189 v

Java Java – String toUpperCase() Method ........................................................................................................... 190 Java – String trim() Method ......................................................................................................................... 191 Java – String valueOf() Method ................................................................................................................... 192 14. Java – Arrays ......................................................................................................................................... 196 Declaring Array Variables ............................................................................................................................ 196 Creating Arrays ............................................................................................................................................ 196 Processing Arrays ........................................................................................................................................ 198 The foreach Loops ....................................................................................................................................... 199 Passing Arrays to Methods .......................................................................................................................... 199 Returning an Array from a Method ............................................................................................................. 200 The Arrays Class ........................................................................................................................................... 200 15. Java – Date & Time ............................................................................................................................... 202 Getting Current Date & Time....................................................................................................................... 203 Date Comparison ......................................................................................................................................... 204 Simple DateFormat Format Codes .............................................................................................................. 205 Date and Time Conversion Characters ........................................................................................................ 208 Parsing Strings into Dates ............................................................................................................................ 209 Sleeping for a While .................................................................................................................................... 210 Measuring Elapsed Time ............................................................................................................................. 211 GregorianCalendar Class ............................................................................................................................. 212 16. Java – Regular Expressions .................................................................................................................... 218 Capturing Groups ........................................................................................................................................ 218 Regular Expression Syntax ........................................................................................................................... 220 Methods of the Matcher Class .................................................................................................................... 223 17. Java – Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 230 Creating Method ......................................................................................................................................... 230 Method Calling ............................................................................................................................................ 231 The void Keyword ........................................................................................................................................ 232 Passing Parameters by Value ....................................................................................................................... 233 Method Overloading ................................................................................................................................... 235 Using Command-Line Arguments ................................................................................................................ 236 The Constructors ......................................................................................................................................... 237 Parameterized Constructor ......................................................................................................................... 238 The this keyword ......................................................................................................................................... 239 Variable Arguments(var-args) ..................................................................................................................... 242 The finalize( ) Method ................................................................................................................................. 243 18. Java – Files and I/O ............................................................................................................................... 244 Stream ......................................................................................................................................................... 244 Standard Streams ........................................................................................................................................ 247 Reading and Writing Files ............................................................................................................................ 248 ByteArrayInputStream ................................................................................................................................. 250 DataInputStream ......................................................................................................................................... 253 FileOutputStream ........................................................................................................................................ 255 ByteArrayOutputStream .............................................................................................................................. 256 DataOutputStream ...................................................................................................................................... 259 File Navigation and I/O ................................................................................................................................ 261 vi

Java File Class ...................................................................................................................................................... 262 Directories in Java........................................................................................................................................ 272 Listing Directories ........................................................................................................................................ 273 19. Java – Exceptions .................................................................................................................................. 274 Exception Hierarchy..................................................................................................................................... 275 Built-in Exceptions ....................................................................................................................................... 276 Exceptions Methods .................................................................................................................................... 278 Catching Exceptions ..................................................................................................................................... 279 Multiple Catch Blocks .................................................................................................................................. 280 Catching Multiple Type of Exceptions ......................................................................................................... 281 The Throws/Throw Keywords ..................................................................................................................... 281 The Finally Block .......................................................................................................................................... 282 The try-with-resources ................................................................................................................................ 284 User-defined Exceptions .............................................................................................................................. 286 Common Exceptions .................................................................................................................................... 289 20. Java – Inner Classes ............................................................................................................................... 290 Nested Classes ............................................................................................................................................. 290 Inner Classes (Non-static Nested Classes) ................................................................................................... 291 Accessing the Private Members .................................................................................................................. 292 Method-local Inner Class ............................................................................................................................. 293 Anonymous Inner Class ............................................................................................................................... 294 Anonymous Inner Class as Argument .......................................................................................................... 295 Static Nested Class....................................................................................................................................... 296 JAVA - OBJECT ORIENTED ........................................................................................................ 299 21. Java – Inheritance ................................................................................................................................. 300 extends Keyword ......................................................................................................................................... 300 Sample Code ................................................................................................................................................ 300 The super keyword ...................................................................................................................................... 302 Invoking Superclass Constructor ................................................................................................................. 305 IS-A Relationship .......................................................................................................................................... 306 The instanceof Keyword .............................................................................................................................. 308 HAS-A relationship ....................................................................................................................................... 309 Types of Inheritance .................................................................................................................................... 309 22. Java – Overriding .................................................................................................................................. 311 Rules for Method Overriding ....................................................................................................................... 313 Using the super Keyword ............................................................................................................................ 314 23. Java – Polymorphism ............................................................................................................................ 315 Virtual Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 316 24. Java – Abstraction ................................................................................................................................. 320 Abstract Class .............................................................................................................................................. 320 Inheriting the Abstract Class........................................................................................................................ 323 Abstract Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 324 vii

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