2016 年山东青岛大学英语综合考研真题 Part One Linguistics (50 points) I. Define the following terms briefly. (20 points) 1. arbitrariness 2. intonation 3. loan shift 4. category 5. superordinate 6. connectionism 7. gender difference 8. conversational implicature 

9. free indirect speech 10. reference II. Answer ONE of the two essay questions below with at least 300 words. (30 points) 1. What is the cognitive linguistic view of metaphors? Using examples to describe the three categories of conceptual metaphors. 2. As students of linguistics, how should we understand the relations between functionalism and formalism? Part Two Translation (50 points) I. Translate the following into Chinese. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points） Anthropologists have described how Papuan(巴布亚人) head-hunters deprived by white authority of their habitual sport lose all zest and are no longer able to be interested in anything. I do not wish to infer that they should have been allowed to go on hunting heads, but I do mean that it would have been worthwhile if psychologists had taken some trouble to find some innocent substitute activity. Civilized Man everywhere is, to some degree, in the position of the Papuan victims of virtue. We have all kinds of aggressive impulses, and also creative impulses, which society forbids us to indulge; and the alternatives that it supplies in the shape of football matches and all-in wrestling are hardly adequate. Anyone who hopes that in time it may be possible to abolish war should give serious thought to the problem of satisfying harmlessly the instincts that we inherit from long generations of savages. For my part I find a sufficient outlet in detective stories, where I alternately identify myself with the murderer and the huntsman-detective, but I know there are those to whom this vicarious outlet is too mild, and for them something stronger should be provided. 

II. Translate the following into English. Your translation should both be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points） 生活并不是一个悲剧。它是一个“搏斗”。我们生活来做什么？或者说我们为什么要有这生 命？罗曼·罗兰的回答是“为的是来征服它” 。 我认为他说得不错。 我跟所有其余的人一样，生活在这世界上，是为着来征服生活。我 也曾参加在这个“搏斗” 里面。我有我的爱，有我的恨，有我的欢乐， 也有我的痛苦。但是我并没有失去我的信仰： 对于生活的信仰。我的生 活还不会结束，我也不知道在前面还有什么东西等着我。然而我 对于将 来却也有一点概念，因为过去并不是一个沉默的哑子，它会告诉我们一 些事情。 有人说过，路本没有，因为走的人多了，便成了一条路。又有人说 路是有的，正因为有了 路才有许多人走。谁是谁非，我不想判断。我还 年轻， 我还要活下去，我还要征服生活。 我知道生活的激流是不会停 止的，且看它把我载到什么地方去！ Part Three Culture (50 points) I. Define the following terms briefly in English (15 points) 1. The Chartist Movement 2. The Norman Conquest 3. The New Deal 4. The Bill of Rights 5. Women’s Liberation II. Write down your understanding of and comment on the following topics in English. Each of your topics should be developed into about 100 words (35 points). 

1. An unexamined life is not worth living (15 points). 2. What is European Enlightenment? （10 points） 3.What are the implications of Gulliver’s four travels in Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa and Houyhnhnms？（10 points）