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Writing Scientific Research Articles

Writing Scientific Research Articles Strategy and Steps Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor Margaret Cargill BA, DipEd, MEd (TESOL) Adjunct Senior Lecturer School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia Patrick O’Connor BSc, PhD Visiting Research Fellow School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2009, # 2009 by Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley. com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Cargill, Margaret. Writing scientific research articles : strategy and steps / Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8619-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-9335-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Technical writing. 2. Research. 3. Science news. I. O’Connor, Patrick, 1967– II. Title. T11.C327 2009 808’.0666–dc22 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 2008042543 Set in 10.5/13pt Janson by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Singapore 01 2009

Contents Preface Section 1 A framework for success 1 How the book is organized, and why 1.1 Getting started with writing for international publication 1.2 Publishing in the international literature 1.3 Aims of this book 1.4 How the book is structured 2 Research article structures 2.1 Conventional article structure: AIMRaD (Abstract, Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, and Discussion) and its variations 3 Referees’ criteria for evaluating manuscripts 3.1 Titles as content sign posts Section 2 When and how to write each article section 4 Results as a ‘‘story’’: the key driver of an article 5 Results: turning data into knowledge 5.1 Figure, table, or text? 5.2 Designing figures 5.3 Designing tables 5.4 Figure legends and table titles 6 Writing about results 6.1 Functions of results sentences 6.2 Verb tense in Results sections 7 The Methods section 7.1 Purpose of the Methods section ix 1 3 3 4 6 7 9 9 15 16 19 21 23 24 24 27 29 31 31 32 35 35

vi C o n t e n t s 7.2 Organizing Methods sections 7.3 Use of passive and active verbs 8 The Introduction 8.1 Five stages to a compelling Introduction 8.2 Stage 1: Locating your project within an existing field of scientific research 8.3 Using references in Stages 2 and 3 8.4 Avoiding plagiarism when using others’ work 8.5 Indicating the gap or research niche 8.6 Stage 4: The statement of purpose or main activity 8.7 Suggested process for drafting an Introduction 8.8 Editing for logical flow 9 The Discussion section 9.1 Important structural issues 9.2 Information elements to highlight the key messages 9.3 Negotiating the strength of claims 10 The title 10.1 Strategy 1: Provide as much relevant information as possible, but be concise 10.2 Strategy 2: Use keywords prominently 10.3 Strategy 3: Choose strategically: noun phrase, statement, or question? 10.4 Strategy 4: Avoid ambiguity in noun phrases 11 The Abstract 11.1 Why Abstracts are so important 11.2 Selecting additional keywords 11.3 Abstracts: typical information elements Section 3 Getting your manuscript published 12 Considerations when selecting a target journal 12.1 The scope and aims of the journal 12.2 The audience for the journal 12.3 Journal impact 12.4 Using indices of journal quality 12.5 Time to publication 12.6 Page charges or Open Access costs 13 Submitting a manuscript 13.1 Five practices of successful authors 13.2 Understanding the peer-review process 13.3 Understanding the editor’s role 13.4 The contributor’s covering letter 13.5 Understanding the reviewer’s role 13.6 Understanding the editor’s role (continued) 14 How to respond to editors and referees 14.1 Rules of thumb 35 36 41 41 43 44 48 49 49 50 51 55 55 56 57 61 61 61 62 63 65 65 65 65 67 69 69 69 70 70 71 71 73 73 73 74 75 76 78 79 79

vii C o n t e n t s 14.2 How to deal with manuscript rejection 79 14.3 How to deal with ‘‘conditional acceptance’’ or ‘‘revise and resubmit’’ 81 15 A process for preparing a manuscript 15.1 Initial preparation steps 15.2 Editing procedures 15.3 A pre-review checklist Section 4 Developing your publication skills further 16 Skill-development strategies for groups and individuals 16.1 Journal clubs 16.2 Writing groups 16.3 Selecting feedback strategies for different purposes 16.4 Training for responding to reviewers 17 Developing discipline-specific English skills 17.1 Introduction 17.2 What kinds of English errors matter most? 17.3 Strategic (and acceptable!) language re-use: sentence templates 17.4 More about noun phrases 17.5 Concordancing: a tool for developing your discipline-specific English 17.6 Using the English articles (a/an, the) appropriately in science writing 17.7 Using which and that Section 5 Provided example articles 18 Provided example article 1: Kaiser et al. (2003) 19 Provided example article 2: Britton-Simmons and Abbott (2008) Answer pages References Index 89 89 90 92 95 97 97 98 98 100 103 103 103 105 108 109 112 116 119 121 133 145 167 169

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