ANDREW S. TANENBAUM
------COMPUTER NETWORKS FOURTH EDITION PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Collected and Modified By YanZhenXing, Mail To:zxyan@ecnu.cn
Classify: EEasy, MMiddle, HHard,DDelete
Green: Important Red: Master Blue: VI Others:Know Grey: Unnecessary
Chapter 1 IntroductionProblems
2. An alternative to a LAN is simply a big timesharing system with terminals for
all users. Give two advantages of a client-server system using a LAN.(M)
使用局域网模型可以容易地增加节点。
如果局域网只是一条长的电缆,且不会因个别的失效而崩溃( 例如采用镜像服务
器)的情况下,使用局域网模型会更便宜。
使用局域网可提供更多的计算能力和更好交互式接口。
3. The performance of a client-server system is influenced by two network factors:
the bandwidth of the network (how many bits/sec it can transport) and the latency
(how many seconds it takes for the first bit to get from the client to the server). Give
an example of a network that exhibits high bandwidth and high latency. Then give
an example of one with low bandwidth and low latency.(E)
横贯大陆的光纤连接可以有很多千兆位/秒带宽, 但是由于光速度传送要越过数
千公里,时延将也高。
相反,使用 56 kbps 调制解调器呼叫在同一大楼内的计算机则有低带宽和较低的
时延。
4. Besides bandwidth and latency, what other parameter is needed to give a good
characterization of the quality of service offered by a network used for digitized
voice traffic?(M)
声音的传输需要相应的固定时间,因此网络时隙数量是很重要的。传输时间可以
用标准偏差方式表示。 实际上,短延迟但是大变化性比更长的延迟和低变化性更糟。
6. A client-server system uses a satellite network, with the satellite at a height of
40,000 km. What is the best-case delay in response to a request?(E)
由于请求和应答都必须通过卫星,因此传输总路径长度为 160,000 千米。在空气
和真空中的光速为 300,000 公里/秒, 因此最佳的传播延迟为 160,000/300,000
秒,约 533 msec。
8. A collection of five routers is to be connected in a point-to-point subnet.
Between each pair of routers, the designers may put a high-speed line, a
medium-speed line, a low-speed line, or no line. If it takes 100 ms of computer time
to generate and inspect each topology, how long will it take to inspect all of
them?(E)
将路由器称为 A,B,C,D 和 E.
则有 10 条可能的线路;AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE,和 DE
每条线路有 4 种可能性(3 速度或者不是线路),拓扑的总数为 410 = 1,048,576。
检查每个拓扑需要 100 ms,全部检查总共需要 104,857. 6 秒,或者稍微超过 29
个小时。
9. A group of 2n - 1 routers are interconnected in a centralized binary tree, with a
router at each tree node. Router i communicates with router j by sending a message
to the root of the tree. The root then sends the message back down to j. Derive an
approximate expression for the mean number of hops per message for large n,
assuming that all router pairs are equally likely.(H)
这意味着,从路由器到路由器的路径长度相当于路由器到根的两倍。 若在树中,
根深度为 1,深度为 n,从根到第 n 层需要 n-1 跳,在该层的路由器为 0.50。
从根到 n-1 层的路径有 router 的 0.25 和 n--2 跳步。 因此,路径长度 l 为:
l = 0.5*(n-1)+0.25*(n-2)+0.125*(n-3)……
结果化简为 l=n-2,平均路由路径为 2n-4。
10. A disadvantage of a broadcast subnet is the capacity wasted when multiple
hosts attempt to access the channel at the same time. As a simplistic example,
suppose that time is divided into discrete slots, with each of the n hosts attempting to
use the channel with probability p during each slot. What fraction of the slots are
wasted due to collisions?(H)
区分 n-2 事件。 事件 1 到 n 由主机成功地、没有冲突地使用这条信道的事件组
成。 这些可能性的事件的概率为 p(1-p)n-1 。事件 n+1 是一个空闲的信道,其概率
为(1- p)n。事件 n+2 是一个冲突。由于事件 n+2 互斥,它们可能发生的事件必须统
一合计。 冲突的可能性等于那些小部分的槽的浪费,只是
1- np(1 -p)n-1 - (1 -p)n
11. What are two reasons for using layered protocols?(M)
通过协议分层可以把设计问题划分成较小的易于处理的片段
分层意味着某一层的协议的改变不会影响高层或低层的协议
13. What is the principal difference between connectionless communication and
connection-oriented communication?(E)
主要的区别有两条。
其一:面向连接通信分为三个阶段,第一是建立连接,在此阶段,发出一个建立
连接的请求。第二阶段,只有在连接成功建立之后,保持连接状态,才能开始数据
传输。第三阶段,当数据传输完毕,必须释放连接。而无连接通信没有这么多阶段,
它直接进行数据传输。
其二:面向连接的通信具有数据的保序性, 而无连接的通信不能保证接收数据的
顺序与发送数据的顺序一致。
14. Two networks each provide reliable connection-oriented service. One of them
offers a reliable byte stream and the other offers a reliable message stream. Are
these identical? If so, why is the distinction made? If not, give an example of how
they differ.(E)
不相同。在报文流中,网络保持对报文边界的跟踪;而在字节流中,网络不做这
样的跟踪。例如,一个进程向一条连接写了 1024 字节,稍后又写了另外 1024 字节。
那么接收方共读了 2048 字节。对于报文流,接受方将得到两个报文。每个报文 1024
字节。 而对于字节流,报文边界不被识别。接收方把全部的 2048 个字节当作一个
整体,在此已经体现不出原先有两个报文的事实。
15. What does ''negotiation'' mean when discussing network protocols? Give an
example.(E)
协商就是要让双方就在通信期间将使用的某些参数或数值达成一致。最大分组长
度就是一个例子。
16. In Fig. 1-19, a service is shown. Are any other services implicit in this figure?
If so, where? If not, why not?(E)
服务是由 k 层向 k+1 层提供的。
服务必须由下层 k 提供,即,对层 k 的服务是由 k- 1 层提供的。
17. In some networks, the data link layer handles transmission errors by
requesting damaged frames to be retransmitted. If the probability of a frame's being
damaged is p, what is the mean number of transmissions required to send a frame?
Assume that acknowledgements are never lost.(M)
假设某帧传到第 k 次才传输成功,起初 k-1 次传输皆尝试失败,概率为 pk-1 , 第 k
次传输成功,概率为(1-p) ,则发送一帧成功的平均传输次数为:
(a) Dividing the transmitted bit stream into frames.
(b) Determining which route through the subnet to use.(E)
1. Which of the OSI layers handles each of the following:
a.
b.
把传输的比特流划分为帧——数据链路层
决定使用哪条路径通过子网——网络层.
19. If the unit exchanged at the data link level is called a frame and the unit
exchanged at the network level is called a packet, do frames encapsulate packets or
do packets encapsulate frames? Explain your answer.(E)
帧封装包。 当一个包到达数据链路层时,整个数据包,包括包头、数据及全部内
容,都用作帧的数据区。或者说,将整个包放进一个信封(帧)里面,( 如果能装入的
话)。
21. List two ways in which the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference
model are the same. Now list two ways in which they differ.(M)
相似点:都是独立的协议栈的概念;层的功能也大体相似。
不同点:OSI 更好的区分了服务、接口和协议的概念,因此比 TCP/IP 具有更好的
隐藏性,能够比较容易的进行替换;OSI 是先有的模型的概念,然后再进行协议的
实现,而 TCP/IP 是先有协议,然后建立描述该协议的模型;层次数量有差别;TCP/IP
没有会话层和表示层,OSI 不支持网络互连。OSI 在网络层支持无连接和面向连接
的通信,而在传输层仅有面向连接的通信,而 TCP/IP 在网络层仅有一种通信模式(无
连接),但在传输层支持两种模式。
22. What is the main difference between TCP and UDP?(E)
TCP 是面向连接的,而 UDP 是一种数据报服务。
25. When a file is transferred between two computers, two acknowledgement
strategies are possible. In the first one, the file is chopped up into packets, which are
individually acknowledged by the receiver, but the file transfer as a whole is not
acknowledged. In the second one, the packets are not acknowledged individually,
but the entire file is acknowledged when it arrives. Discuss these two approaches.
(E)
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如果网络容易丢失分组,那么对每一个分组逐一进行确认较好,此时仅重传丢失
的分组。
如果网络高度可靠,那么在不发差错的情况下,仅在整个文件传送的结尾发送一
次确认,从而减少了确认的次数,节省了带宽;不过,即使有单个分组丢失,也需
要重传整个文件。
26. Why does ATM use small, fixed-length cells?(E)
因为这样可以迅速地经由交换机转发,并且这是在硬件上完成的。这样的设计使
得制造可以同时并行处理多个 CELLS 的硬件设备更加容易。另外,它们不会阻碍
传输线路很久,更加容易保证提供出高质量的服务。
28. An image is 1024 x 768 pixels with 3 bytes/pixel. Assume the image is
uncompressed. How long does it take to transmit it over a 56-kbps modem channel?
Over a 1-Mbps cable modem? Over a 10-Mbps Ethernet? Over 100-Mbps
Ethernet?(E)
该图像大小为 1024 * 768 * 3 * 8 = 18,874,368 bits.
传输速率为 56Kbits/sec,需要 18,874,368 / 56,000 = 337.042 sec.
传输速率为 1Mbits/sec, 需要 18,874,368 / 106 = 18.874 sec.
传输速率为 10Mbits/sec,需要 18,874,368 / 107 = 1.887 sec.
传输速率为 100Mbits/sec,需要 18,874,368 / 108 = 0.189 sec.
29. Ethernet and wireless networks have some similarities and some differences.
One property of Ethernet is that only one frame at a time can be transmitted on an
Ethernet. Does 802.11 share this property with Ethernet? Discuss your answer.(E)
想象一下隐藏终端的问题。假设一个无线网络里有五台终端,从 A 至 E,使它们
每一台都只可以联系到与其相邻的两个邻居之一,那么 A 在与 B 通讯的同时 D 可
以与 E 进行通讯。因此无线网络有潜在的并行性,这与以太网上不同的。
30. Wireless networks are easy to install, which makes them inexpensive since
installation costs usually far overshadow equipment costs. Nevertheless, they also
have some disadvantages. Name two of them.(E)
无线网络的缺点:一是安全性,偶然出现在无线网络内的人都能监听到网络上传
递的消息;再有就是可靠性,无线网络在传输过程中会出现很多错误;另外,因为
许多无线设备需要移动,电池使用寿命不长也是其缺点之一。
Chapter 2 The Physical Problems
2. A noiseless 4-kHz channel is sampled every 1 msec. What is the maximum data
rate?(E)
由尼奎斯特定理,无噪声信道最大数据传输率=2Hlog2V b/s。依题有带宽 H =
4kHz,因此最大数据传输率决定于每次采样所产生的比特数(log2V)。
如果每次采样产生 16bits,那么数据传输率可达 128kbps;
如果每次采样产生 1024bits,那么可达 8.2Mbps。
3. Television channels are 6 MHz wide. How many bits/sec can be sent if
four-level digital signals are used? Assume a noiseless channel.(E)
依题有带宽 H = 6MHz,每次采样 log2V = 2bit
由尼奎斯特定理,可发送的最大数据传输率为 2Hlog2V = 24Mbps。
4. If a binary signal is sent over a 3-kHz channel whose signal-to-noise ratio is 20
dB, what is the maximum achievable data rate?(M)
由香农定理信道比为 S/N 的有噪声信道的最大数据传输率 = Hlog 2(1+S/N)。
依题知带宽 H = 3kHz,信噪比为 10lgS/N = 20 dB,知 S/N =100
由于 log2101≈6.658,该信道的信道容量为 3log2(1+100)=19.98kbps
再根据尼奎斯特定理,发送二进制信号的 3kHz 信道的最大数据传输速率为
2Hlog2V = 2*3 log22 = 6kbps 综上,可以取得的最大数据传输速率为 6kbps。
5. What signal-to-noise ratio is needed to put a T1 carrier on a 50-kHz line?(M)
T1 信号的带宽 = 1.544 * 10 6 Hz,为发送 T1 信号,由香农定理,最大数据传输率
= Hlog2(1+S/N) = 1.544 * 106 Hz ,依题知带宽 H = 50 kHz,解得 S/N = 231 –1
再由尼奎斯特定理 2Hlog2V = 2Hlog2S/N = 93 dB
所以,在 50kHz 线路上使用 T1 载波需要 93dB 的信噪比。
7. How much bandwidth is there in 0.1 micron of spectrum at a wavelength of 1
micron?(M)
依题知频段为 0.1 ,波长为 1
因此,在 0.1 的频段中可以有 30THz。
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8. It is desired to send a sequence of computer screen images over an optical fiber.
12. Multipath fading is maximized when the two beams arrive 180 degrees out of
The screen is 480 x 640 pixels, each pixel being 24 bits. There are 60 screen images
per second. How much bandwidth is needed, and how many microns of wavelength
are needed for this band at 1.30 microns?(M)
传输数据的速率为 480×640×24×60bps,即 442Mbps。
需要 442Mbps 的带宽,对应的波长范围是
9. Is the Nyquist theorem true for optical fiber or only for copper wire?(D)
尼奎斯特定理是一个数学性质,不涉及技术处理。该定理说,如果你有一个函数,
它的傅立叶频谱不包含高于 f 的正弦和余弦,那么以 2 f 的频率采样该函数,那么
你就可以获取该函数所包含的全部信息。因此尼奎斯特定理适用于所有介质。
。
10. In Fig. 2-6 the lefthand band is narrower than the others. Why?(E)
由于这 3 个波段的频率范围大体上相等,根据公式
, 小的波段⊿ 也
得小,才能保持⊿f 大约相等。
顺便指出,3 个带宽大致相同的事实是所使用的硅的种类的一个碰巧的特性反映。
11. Radio antennas often work best when the diameter of the antenna is equal to
the wavelength of the radio wave. Reasonable antennas range from 1 cm to 5 meters
in diameter. What frequency range does this cover?(E)
phase. How much of a path difference is required to maximize the fading for a
50-km-long 1-GHz microwave link?(E)
由公式
,这里光速 c =300000km/s,依题 f=1GHz,所以微波的波长是 30cm。
如果一个波比另一个波多行进 15cm,那么它们到达时将 180 异相。显然,答案与链
路长度是 50km 的事实无关。
18. A simple telephone system consists of two end offices and a single toll office to
which each end office is connected by a 1-MHz full-duplex trunk. The average
telephone is used to make four calls per 8-hour workday. The mean call duration is
6 min. Ten percent of the calls are long-distance (i.e., pass through the toll office).
What is the maximum number of telephones an end office can support? (Assume 4
kHz per circuit.)(E)
每部电话每小时做 0.5 次通话,每次通话 6 分钟。因此一部电话每小时占用一条
电路 3 分钟,60/3=20,即 20 部电话可共享一条线路。由于只有10%的呼叫是长途,
所以 200 部电话占用一条完全时间的长途线路。局间干线复用了 1000000/4000=250
条线路,每条线路支持 200 部电话,因此,一个端局可以支持的电话部数为
200*250=50000。.
21. The cost of a fast microprocessor has dropped to the point where it is now
possible to put one in each modem. How does that affect the handling of telephone
line errors?(E)
通常在物理层对于在线路上发送的比特不采取任何差错纠正措施。在每个调制解
调器中都包括一个 CPU 使得有可能在第一层中包含错误纠正码,从而大大减少第
二层所看到的错误率。由调制解调器做的错误处理可以对第二层完全透明。现在许
多调制解调器都有内建的错误处理功能。
22. A modem constellation diagram similar to Fig. 2-25 has data points at the
following coordinates: (1, 1), (1, -1), (-1, 1), and (-1, -1). How many bps can a modem
with these parameters achieve at 1200 baud?(E)
每个波特有 4 个合法值,因此比特率是波特率的两倍。
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对应于 1200 波特,数据速率是 2400bps。
23. A modem constellation diagram similar to Fig. 2-25 has data points at (0, 1)
and (0, 2). Does the modem use phase modulation or amplitude modulation?(E)
相位总是 0,但使用两个振幅,因此这是直接的幅度调制。
24. In a constellation diagram, all the points lie on a circle centered on the origin.
What kind of modulation is being used?(E)
如果所有的点都在同一圆周上,那么它们有着同样的幅度,所以没有使用幅度调
制。在星座图中从来就不使用频率调制,所以,这里所采用的编码是纯相位调制。
25. How many frequencies does a full-duplex QAM-64 modem use?(E)
全双工的 QAM-64 使用了两个频率。一个给上行流,一个给下行流。调制机制本
身只使用了相位和幅度调制,这里对频率不做调制。
26. An ADSL system using DMT allocates 3/4 of the available data channels to the
downstream link. It uses QAM-64 modulation on each channel. What is the capacity
of the downstream link?(M)
DMT 指离散的多信道调制。这里总共有 256 条信道,减去 6 条给 POTS 以及再减
少 2 条用于控制,余下的 248 条留给数据。依题其中的 3/4 即 186 条信道给下行流。
ADSL 是以 4000 baud/s 进行调置。所以对 QAM-64(6 bits/baud)可得每条信道
的带宽为 24,000 bps
所以下行流总的带宽为 24,000 bps*186=4.464 Mbps
27. In the four-sector LMDS example of Fig. 2-30, each sector has its own
36-Mbps channel. According to queueing theory, if the channel is 50% loaded, the
queueing time will be equal to the download time. Under these conditions, how long
does it take to download a 5-KB Web page? How long does it take to download the
page over a 1-Mbps ADSL line? Over a 56-kbps modem?(E)
LMDS 指本地多点分发服务。一个5-KB 的网页数据量为 40,000 bits,对于 36 Mbps
的信道而言下载时间是 1.1msec,依题平均排队延迟时间也是 1.1msec,则总下载时
间是 2.2msec,对 ADSL 而言并没有排队延迟时间,所以 1 Mbps 的下载时间是 40
msec,在 56 kbps 的条件下下载时间是 714 msec.
28. Ten signals, each requiring 4000 Hz, are multiplexed on to a single channel
using FDM. How much minimum bandwidth is required for the multiplexed
channel? Assume that the guard bands are 400 Hz wide.(E)
对于 10 个 4000 Hz 的信号,我们需要使用 9 个防护频段来避免可能的干扰。
所需要的最小带宽为 4000 * 10 + 400 * 9 = 43,600 Hz
29. Why has the PCM sampling time been set at 125 µsec?(E)
125 的采样时间对应于每秒 8000 次采样。一个典型的电话通道为 4kHz。根据尼
奎斯特定理,为获取一个 4kHz 的通道中的全部信息需要每秒 8000 次的采样频率。
30. What is the percent overhead on a T1 carrier; that is, what percent of the
1.544 Mbps are not delivered to the end user?(M)
T1 线路的每一帧中,端点用户使用 193 位中的 168(7*24)位,开销占 25(=193-168)
位,因此开销比例等于 25/193=13%。
31. Compare the maximum data rate of a noiseless 4-kHz channel using
a.
b.
两种情况下均为 8000 次采样/秒。使用 2 进制编码,则对 a 每次采样中发送 2 位
(a) Analog encoding (e.g., QPSK) with 2 bits per sample.
(b) The T1 PCM system.(E)
数据,对 T1 线路,每次采样发送 7 位数据。所以相对的最大数据传输率为:
(a) 每次采样 2 比特的模拟编码 2Hlog2V = 16 kbps
(b) T1 PCM 系统 2Hlog2V = 56 kbps
32. If a T1 carrier system slips and loses track of where it is, it tries to
resynchronize using the 1st bit in each frame. How many frames will have to be
inspected on average to resynchronize with a probability of 0.001 of being wrong?
(M)
10 个帧。 在数字通道上某些随机比特是 0101010101 模式的概率是 1/1024。察
看 10 个帧,若每一帧中的第一位形成比特串 0101010101,则判断同步成功,而误
判的概率为 1/1024,小于 0.001。
33. What is the difference, if any, between the demodulator part of a modem and
the coder part of a codec? (After all, both convert analog signals to digital ones.) (M)
有区别。编码器接受任意的模拟信号,并从它产生数字信号。而解调器仅仅接受
调制了的正弦(或余弦)波,产生数字信号。
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34. A signal is transmitted digitally over a 4-kHz noiseless channel with one
sample every 125 µsec. How many bits per second are actually sent for each of these
encoding methods?(M)
c. (a) CCITT 2.048 Mbps standard.
d. (b) DPCM with a 4-bit relative signal value.
e. (c) Delta modulation.
a.CCITT 2.048Mbps 标准用 32 个 8 位数据样本组成一个 125 的基本帧,30 个
信道用于传信息,2 个信道用于传控制信号。在每一个 4kHz 信道上发送的数据率
就是 8*8000=64kbps。
b.差分脉码调制(DPCM)是一种压缩传输信息量的方法,它发送的不是每一次
抽样的二进制编码值,而是两次抽样的差值的二进制编码。现在相对差值是 4 位,
所以对应每个 4kHz 信道实际发送的比特速率为 4*8000=32kbps。
c.增量调制的基本思想是:当抽样时间间隔 s t 很短时,模拟数据在两次抽样之
间的变化很小,可以选择一个合适的量化值 v 作为阶距。把两次抽样的差别近似为
不是增加一个 v 就是减少一个 v。这样只需用 1bit 二进制信息就可以表示一次抽样
结果,而不会引入很大误差。因此,此时对应每个 4kHz 信道实际发送的数据速率
为 1*8000=8kHz。
35. A pure sine wave of amplitude A is encoded using delta modulation, with x
samples/sec. An output of +1 corresponds to a signal change of +A/8, and an output
signal of -1 corresponds to a signal change of -A/8. What is the highest frequency
that can be tracked without cumulative error?(E)
在波的 1/4 周期内信号必须从 0 上升到 A。为了能够跟踪信号,在 T/4 的时间内
(假定波的周期是 T)必须采样 8 次,即每一个全波采样 32 次,采样的时间间隔
是 1/x,因此波的全周期必须足够的长,使得能包含 32 次采样,即 T > 32/x,或 f max
=x/32。
37. In Fig. 2-37, the user data rate for OC-3 is stated to be 148.608 Mbps. Show
how this number can be derived from the SONET OC-3 parameters.(H)
基本的 SONET(同步光网络)帧是每 125 产生 810 字节。由于 SONET 是同步
的,因此不论是否有实际要发送的数据,帧都存在。每秒 8000 帧的速率正好符合
所有数字电话系统中使用的 PCM 信道的采样率。对于 810 字节的 SONET 帧,通
常用 90 列乘以 9 行的矩形来描述,每个单元对应一个字节。每秒传送 8000 次,每
次 8*810=6480 位,总数据传输率为 51.84Mbps。这就是基本的 SONET 信道,它被
称作同步传输信号 STS-1,所有的 SONET 干线都是 STS-1 的倍数。每一帧的前 3 列
被保留,用于管理信息系统,前 3 行包含段开销,后 6 行包含线路开销。剩下的
87 列包含 87×9×8×8000=50.112Mbps 的用户数据。用户数据(称为同步载荷信封,
即 SPE)可以从帧内的任一位置开始,并不限于第 1 行,第 4 列。线路开销的第一
行包含指向 SPE 的第一字节的指针,SPE 的第一列是路径开销。
路径开销不是严格的 SONET 结构,它在嵌入在载荷信封中。路径开销端到端的
流过网络,因此把它与端到端的运载用户信息的 SPE 相关联是有意义的。然而,它
从可提供给终端的用户数据中的 50.112Mbps 中又减去 1×9×8×8000=0.576Mbps,
使之变成 49.536Mbps 。OC-3 相当于 3 个 OC-1 复用在一起,因此其用户数据传输
速率是 49.546×3=148.608 Mbps。
39. What is the essential difference between message switching and packet
switching?(E)
报文交换中,对于数据块的大小没有任何限制。
分组交换则对于数据块的大小有最大分组长度的限制,任何报文超出了这一限制
都会被分割成小块的多个分组。
40. What is the available user bandwidth in an OC-12c connection?(H)
[[当一条线路(例如 OC-3)没有被复用,而是仅传输来自一个源的数据,则在线
路名称后面加一个字母 c(表示 conactenation,即串联)。因此,OC-3 表示了由 3
条独立的 OC-1 线路构成的一条 155.52Mbps 线路,而 OC-3c 表示来自于单个源的
155.52Mbps 的数据流。OC-3c 流内的 3 个 OC-1 流被按列交替插入,首先是流 1 的
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第 1 列,流 2 的第 1 列,流 3 的第 1 列,随后是流 1 的第 2 列,流 2 的第 2 列,
以此类推,最后形成 270 列宽 9 行高的帧。
OC-3c 流中的用户实际数据传输速率比 OC-3 流的速率略高(149.760Mbps 和
148.608Mbps),因为路径开销仅在 SPE 中出现一次,而不是当使用 3 条单独 OC-1
流时出现的 3 次。换句话说,OC-3c 中 270 列中的 260 列可用于用户数据,而在
OC-3 中仅能使用 258 列。更高层次的串联帧(如 OC-12c)也存在这样的情况。]]
OC-12c 帧有 12*90=1080 列和 9 行。其中段开销和线路开销占 12*3=36 列,这
样同步载荷信封就有 1080-36=1044 列。SPE 中仅 1 列用于路径开销,结果就是 1043
列用于用户数据。
由于每列 9 个字节,因此一个 OC-12c 帧中用户数据比特数是 8 ×9×1043=75096。
每秒 8000 帧,得到用户数据速率 75096×8000 =600768000bps,即 600.768Mbps。
所以,在一条 OC-12c 连接中可提供的用户带宽是 600.768Mbps。
41. Three packet-switching networks each contain n nodes. The first network has
a star topology with a central switch, the second is a (bidirectional) ring, and the
third is fully interconnected, with a wire from every node to every other node. What
are the best-, average-, and-worst case transmission paths in hops?(E)
三种网络的特性如下:
星型:最好为 2,最差为 2,平均为 2;
环型:最好为 1,最差为 n/2,平均为 n/4
如果考虑 n 为奇偶数,
则 n 为奇数时,最坏为(n-1)/2,平均为(n+1)/4
n 为偶数时,最坏为 n/2 ,平均为 n2/4(n1)
全连接:最好为 1,最差为 1,平均为 1。
42. Compare the delay in sending an x-bit message over a k-hop path in a
circuit-switched network and in a (lightly loaded) packet-switched network. The
circuit setup time is s sec, the propagation delay is d sec per hop, the packet size is p
bits, and the data rate is b bps. Under what conditions does the packet network have
a lower delay?(M)
s+
对于电路交换, t= s 时电路建立起来;t=s+
x/d+kb 时报文到达目的地。而对于分组交换,最后一位在 t=x/b时发送完毕。
为到达最终目的地,最后一个分组必须被中间的路由器重发 k-1 次,每次重发花
x/d 时报文的最后一位发送完毕;t=
时间 p/b,所以总的延迟为
为了使分组交换比电路交换快,必须:
所以:
43. Suppose that x bits of user data are to be transmitted over a k-hop path in a
packet-switched network as a series of packets, each containing p data bits and h
header bits, with x >>p + h. The bit rate of the lines is b bps and the propagation
delay is negligible. What value of p minimizes the total delay?(M)
所需要的分组总数是 x/p,因此加上头信息的总数据量为(p+h)x/p 位。
源端发送这些位需要时间为(p+h)x/pb,
中间的路由器重传最后一个分组所花的总时间为(k-1)(p+h)/b,
因此我们得到的总的延迟为
,
对该函数求 p 的导数,得到
,令
得到
故
因为p>0,所以
44. In a typical mobile phone system with hexagonal cells, it is forbidden to reuse
a frequency band in an adjacent cell. If 840 frequencies are available, how many can
be used in a given cell?(B)
时能使总的延迟最小。
每个蜂窝单元都有 6 个邻居。假定中间的单元使用频率 A,它的邻居则可以依次
使用 B,C,B,C,B,C,也就是说,只需用三个相互独立的单元就足够了。所以,
每个单元可以使用 280 种频率。
47. Sometimes when a mobile user crosses the boundary from one cell to another,
the current call is abruptly terminated, even though all transmitters and receivers
are functioning perfectly. Why?(E)
在邻近的蜂窝单元中频率不能复用。所以当一名用户从一个单元移动到另一个单
元时,必须给他分配一个新的频率。如果当用户移到一个新的单元,但是当前的新
单元中的所有频率都在使用中,则用户的呼叫必须被终止。
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48. D-AMPS has appreciably worse speech quality than GSM. Is this due to the
requirement that D-AMPS be backward compatible with AMPS, whereas GSM had
no such constraint? If not, what is the cause?(M)
It is not caused directly by the need for backward compatibility. The 30 kHz channel
was indeed a requirement, but the designers of D-AMPS did not have to stuff three users
into it. They could have put two users in each channel, increasing the payload before
error correction from 260 ×50=13 kbps to 260×75 =19.5 kbps. Thus, the quality loss was
an intentional trade-off to put more users per cell and thus get away with bigger cells.
49. Calculate the maximum number of users that D-AMPS can support
simultaneously within a single cell. Do the same calculation for GSM. Explain the
difference.(M)
D-AMPS uses 832 channels (in each direction) with three users sharing a single
channel. This allows D-AMPS to support up to 2496 users simultaneously per cell. GSM
uses 124 channels with eight users sharing a single channel. This allows GSM to support
up to 992 users simultaneously. Both systems use about the same amount of spectrum (25
MHz in each direction).
D-AMPS uses 30 KHz×832 = 24.96 MHz. GSM uses 200 KHz ×124 =24.80 MHz.
The difference can be mainly attributed to the better speech quality provided by GSM (13
Kbps per user) over D-AMPS (8 Kbps per user).
50. Suppose that A, B, and C are simultaneously transmitting 0 bits, using a
CDMA system with the chip sequences of Fig. 2-45(b). What is the resulting chip
sequence?(E)
传输 0,则时间片序列取其补码,传输 1,则时间序列取其本身。
将 A,B,C 相加后,取补码得结果为:(+3 +1 +1 -1 -3 -1 -1 +1).
51. In the discussion about orthogonality of CDMA chip sequences, it was stated
that if S•T = 0 then S•‘T is also 0. Prove this.(E)
By definition
If T sends a 0 bit instead of 1 bit, its chip sequence is negated, with the i-th element
becoming Ti . Thus,
52. Consider a different way of looking at the orthogonality property of CDMA
chip sequences. Each bit in a pair of sequences can match or not match. Express the
orthogonality property in terms of matches and mismatches.
When two elements match, their product is +1. When they do not match, their product
is -1. To make the sum 0, there must be as many matches as mismatches. Thus, two chip
sequences are orthogonal if exactly half of the corresponding elements match and exactly
half do not match.
53. A CDMA receiver gets the following chips: (-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1). Assuming
the chip sequences defined in Fig. 2-45(b), which stations transmitted, and which
bits did each one send?(E)
分别与(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)做内积:
A:(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)d (-1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1) /8 = 1
B:(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)d (-1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1) /8 = -1
C:(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)d (-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1) /8 = 0
D:(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)d (-1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1) /8 = 1
所以 A,D 发送的都是 1 bits,B 发送的是 0 bit,,C 没有发送
Chapter 3 The Data Link Layer Problems
1. An upper-layer packet is split into 10 frames, each of which has an 80 percent
chance of arriving undamaged. If no error control is done by the data link protocol,
how many times must the message be sent on average to get the entire thing through?
(E)
由于每一帧有 0.8 的概率正确到达,整个信息正确到达的概率为 p=0.810=0.107。
为使信息完整的到达接收方,发送一次成功的概率是 p ,二次成功的概率是
(1-p)p,三次成功的概率为(1-p)2 p,i 次成功的概率为(1-p)i-1 p,因此平均的发送次
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