Electric Machinery Fundamentals 5th Stephen J. Chapman.pdf

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Cover

Brief Contents

Table of Contents

Preface

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO MACHINERY PRINCIPLES

1.1 - ELECTRICAL MACHINES, TRANSFORMERS, AND DAILY LIFE

1.2 - A NOTE ON UNITS AND NOTATION

1.3 - ROTATIONAL MOTION, NEWTON'S LAW, AND POWER RELATIONSHIPS

1.4 - THE MAGNETIC FIELD

1.5 - FARADAY'S LAW- INDUCED VOLTAGE FROM A TIME-CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD

1.6 - PRODUCTION OF INDUCED FORCE ON A WIRE

1.7 - INDUCED VOLTAGE ON A CONDUCTOR MOVING IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

1.8 - THE LINEAR DC MACHINE - A SIMPLE EXAMPLE

1.9 - REAL, REACTIVE, AND APPARENT POWER IN SINGLE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS

1.10 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2 - TRANSFORMERS

2.1 - WHY TRANSFORMERS ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE

2.2 - TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMERS

2.3 - THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

2.4 - THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL-SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

2.5 - THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER

2.6 - THE PER-UNIT SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS

2.7 - TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY

2.8 - TRANSFORMER TAPS AND VOLTAGE REGULATION

2.9 - THE AUTOTRANSFORMER

2.10 - THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

2.11 - THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMATION USING TWO TRANSFORMERS

2.12 - TRANSFORMER RATINGS AND RELATED PROBLEMS

2.13 - INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

2.14 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3 - AC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS

3.1 - A SIMPLE LOOP IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

3.2 - THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

3.3 - MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE AND FLUX DISTRIBUTION ON AC MACHINES

3.4 - INDUCED VOLTAGE IN AC MACHINES

3.5 - INDUCED TORQUE IN AN AC MACHINE

3.6 - WINDING INSULATION IN AN AC MACHINE

3.7 - AC MACHINE POWER FLOWS AND LOSSES

3.8 - VOLTAGE REGULATION AND SPEED REGULATION

3.9 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4 - SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

4.1 - SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION

4.2 - THE SPEED OF ROTATION OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

4.3 - THE INTERNAL GENERATED VOLTAGE OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

4.4 - THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

4.5 - THE PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

4.6 - POWER AND TORQUE IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

4.7 - MEASURING SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODEL PARAMETERS

4.8 - THE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPERATING ALONE

4.9 - PARALLEL OPERATION OF AC GENERATORS

4.10 - SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR TRANSIENTS

4.11 - SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR RATINGS

4.12 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5 - SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

5.1 - BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MOTOR OPERATION

5.2 - STEADY-STATE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR OPERATION

5.3 - STARTING SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

5.4 - SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS AND SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

5.5 - SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR RATINGS

5.6 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6 - INDUCTION MOTORS

6.1 - INDUCTION MOTOR CONSTRUCTION

6.2 - BASIC INDUCTION MOTOR CONCEPTS

6.3 - THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR

6.4 - POWER AND TORQUE IN INDUCTION MOTORS

6.5 - INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

6.6 - VARIATIONS IN INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

6.7 - TRENDS IN INDUCTION MOTOR DESIGN

6.8 - STARTING INDUCTION MOTORS

6.9 - SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS

6.10 - SOLID-STATE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

6.11 - DETERMINING CIRCUIT MODEL PARAMETERS

6.12 - THE INDUCTION GENERATOR

6.13 - INDUCTION MOTOR RATINGS

6.14 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7 - DC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS

7.1 - A SIMPLE ROTATING LOOP BETWEEN CURVED POLE FACES

7.2 - COMMUTATION IN A SIMPLE FOUR-LOOP DC MACHINE

7.3 - COMMUTATION AND ARMATURE CONSTRUCTION IN REAL DC MACHINES

7.4 - PROBLEMS WITH COMMUTATION IN REAL MACHINES

7.5 - THE INTERNAL GENERATED VOLTAGE AND INDUCED TORQUE EQUATIONS OF REAL DC MACHINES

7.6 - THE CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINES

7.7 - POWER FLOW AND LOSSES IN DC MACHINES

7.8 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8 - DC MOTORS AND GENERATORS

8.1 - INTRODUCTION TO DC MOTORS

8.2 - THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DC MOTOR

8.3 - THE MAGNETIZATION CURVE OF A DC MACHINE

8.4 - SEPARATELY EXCITED AND SHUNT DC MOTORS

8.5 - THE PERMANENT-MAGNET DC MOTOR

8.6 - THE SERIES DC MOTOR

8.7 - THE COMPOUNDED DC MOTOR

8.8 - DC MOTOR STARTERS

8.9 - THE WARD-LEONARD SYSTEM AND SOLID-STATE SPEED CONTROLLERS

8.10 - DC MOTOR EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS

8.11 - INTRODUCTION TO DC GENERATORS

8.12 - THE SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

8.13 - THE SHUNT DC GENERATOR

8.14 - THE SERIES DC GENERATOR

8.15 - THE CUMULATIVELY COMPOUNDED DC GENERATOR

8.16 - THE DIFFERENTIALLY COMPOUNDED DC GENERATOR

8.17 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9 - SINGLE-PHASE AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE MOTORS

9.1 - THE UNIVERSAL MOTOR

9.2 - INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

9.3 - STARTING SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

9.4 - SPEED CONTROL OF SINGLE- PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

9.5 - THE CIRCUIT MODEL OF A SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

9.6 - OTHER TYPES OF MOTORS

9.7 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A - THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

A.1 - GENERATION OF THREE-PHASE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

A.2 - VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN A THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT

A.3 - POWER RELATIONSHIPS IN THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

A.4 - ANALYSIS OF BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

A.5 - ONE-LINE DIAGRAMS

A.6 - USING THE POWER TRIANGLE

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCE

APPENDIX B - COIL PITCH AND DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS

B.1 - THE EFFECT OF COIL PITCH ON AC MACHINES

B.2 - DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS IN AC MACHINES

B.3 - SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX C - SALIENT-POLE THEORY OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

C.1 - DEVELOPMENT OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SALIENT-POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

C.2 - TORQUE AND POWER EQUATIONS OF A SALIENT-POLE MACHINES

PROBLEMS

APPENDIX D - TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

INDEX

ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS FIFTH EDITION Stephen J. Chapman BA£ Systems Australia -~onnect _-'" Succeed'" Learn

The McGraw-Hili CompanIes -~onnect . , Succeed- Learn ELECfRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS, FIFTH EDlTlON Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hili Companies, Inc. A ll rig hts reserved. Prev ious edition © 2005, 1999, and 1991. No part of this publication may be repro duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the pri or written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transm ission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be avail able to customers outside the United States. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper con Laining 10% postconsumer waste. 1234 5 678 90DOOVOC I0 9 87 654321 ISBN 978-0-07-352954-7 MHlD 0-07-352954-0 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Marty Lange Vice President EOP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Global Publisher: Raghothamon Srinivasan Senior Sponsoring Editor: Peter E. Massar Senior Marketing Manager: Crtr! Reynolds Deve lopment Editor: Darlene M. Schueller Senior Project Manager: Joyce Watfers Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes Cover Designer: StI~dio Montage, St. Louis. Missouri Cover Image: © SrockbyteiPullchsrock Images RF Buyer: Laura Fuller Compositor: Laserwords Private Limited Typeface: 10//2 Times Roman Printer: R R DOllllelley A ll credits appeari ng on page or allhe end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyrighl page. Library of Congress CataJoging-in-PubIication Data Chapman, Stephen 1. Electric mac hinery fundamentals 1 Stephen 1. Chapman. -5th ed. p. cm. IS BN-13: 978-0-07-352954-7 (alk. paper) ISBN-IO: 0-07-352954-0 (alk. pap") 1. Electric machinery. I. Title. TK2000.C462012 621.31 '042-<1c22 www.m llhc.com 2010050474

FOR MY DAUGHTER SARAH RIVKAH CHAPMAN, WHO WILL LIKELY USE THIS BOOK IN HER STUDIES AT SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY, MELBOURNE.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Stephen J. Chapman received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Louisiana State University (1975) and an M.S.E. in Electrical Engineering from the Univer sity of Central Florida ( 1979), and pursued further graduate studies at Rice University. From 1975 to 1980, he served as an officer in the U.S. Navy, assigned to teach electrical engineering at the U.S. Naval Nuclear Power School in Orlando, Florida. From 1980 to 1982, he was affiliated with the University of Houston, where he ran the power systems program in the College of Technology. From 1982 to 1988 and from 1991 to 1995, he served as a member of the technical staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory, both at the main fac ility in Lexington, Massachusetts, and at the field site on Kwa jalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. While there, he did research in radar signal processing systems. He ultimately became the leader of four large operational range instrumentation radars at the Kwaj alein field site (TRADEX, ALTAIR, ALCOR, and MMW). From 1988 to 199 1, Mr. Chapman was a research engineer for Shell Devel opment Company in Houston, Texas, where he did seismic signal processing re search. He was also affiliated with the University of HOListon, where he continued to teach on a part-time basis. Mr. Chapman is currently manager of systems modeling and operational analysis for BAE Systems Australia, in Melbourne. Mr. Chapman is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Elec tronic Engineers (and several of its component societies) . He is also a member of Engineers Australia. ( ( vii

BRIEF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction to Machinery Principles Chapter 2 Transformers Chapter 3 AC Machinery Fundamentals Chapter 4 Synchronous Generators Chapter 5 Synchronous Motors Chapter 6 Induction Motors Chapter 7 DC Machinery Fundamentals Chapter 8 DC Motors and Generators Chapter 9 Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors AppendixA Three-Phase Circuits Appendix B Coil Pitch and Distributed Windings Appendix C Salient-Pole Theory of Synchronous Machines AppendixD Tables of Constants and Conversion Factors 65 152 191 271 307 404 464 565 613 639 659 669 ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction to Machinery Principles Electrical Machines, Transformers, and Daily Life 1.1 1.2 A Note on Units and Notation Notation 1.3 Rotational Motion, Newton's Law, and Power Relationships Angular Position (J / Angular Velocity OJ I Angular Acceleration a / Torque T / Newton's Law of Rotation I Work W / Power P 1.4 The Magnetic Field 1.5 Induced Voltage from a Time~Changing Production of a Magnetic Field I Magnetic Circuits / Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials / Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core Faraday's Law- Magnetic Field Production of Induced Force on a Wire Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field 1.6 1.7 1.S The Linear DC Machine- A Simple ExampJe 1 1 2 3 8 28 33 34 36 Starting lhe Linear DC Machine I The Linear DC Machine as a Motor / The Linear DC Machine as a Generator / Starting Problems with the Linear Machine 1.9 Real, Reactive, and Apparent Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits 47 Alternative Forms of the Power Equations / Complex Power / The Relationships between Impedance Angle, Current Angle, and Power / The Power Triangle 1.10 Summary Questions Problems References 53 54 55 64 xi

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