SWAT模型理论中文版.pdf

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SWAT2000 理论手册 (中文版本) 张雪松史瑞尼 Xuesong Zhang Raghavan Srinivasan Translated From S.L. NEITSCH, J.G. ARNOLD, J.R. KINIRY, J.R. WILLIAMS, K.W. KING. 2002. Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2000. Temple, Texas: Blackland Research

Center, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. GSWRL Report 02-01, BRC Report 02-05, TWRI Report TR-191.

目录目录第 1 章绪论 ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 SWAT 的发展 ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 SWAT 总结 .................................................................................................................................... 6 第 2 章方程:能量 ...................................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 日地关系 ...................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2 太阳辐射 ...................................................................................................................................... 31 2.3 温度 .............................................................................................................................................. 39 2.4 风速 .............................................................................................................................................. 46 2.5 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................... 47 2.6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 49 第 3 章方程:大气水 .................................................................................................................................. 51 3.1 降水 .............................................................................................................................................. 52 3.2 最大半小时降水 .......................................................................................................................... 53 3.3 水蒸汽 .......................................................................................................................................... 53 3.4 积雪覆盖 ...................................................................................................................................... 56 3.5 融雪 .............................................................................................................................................. 59 3.6 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................... 61 3.7 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 62 第 4 章方程:天气模拟器 .......................................................................................................................... 65 4.1 降水 .............................................................................................................................................. 66 4.2 太阳辐射 & 温度 ........................................................................................................................ 68 4.3 相对湿度 ...................................................................................................................................... 73 4.4 最大半小时降雨量 ...................................................................................................................... 77 第 5 章方程:气候自定义 .......................................................................................................................... 83 5.1 高程带 .......................................................................................................................................... 84 5.2 气候变化 ...................................................................................................................................... 86 5.3 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................... 87 第 6 章方程:地表径流 .............................................................................................................................. 89 6.1 径流量:SCS 径流曲线数法 ........................................................................................................ 90 6.2 径流量：GREEN & AMPT 下渗法 ............................................................................................ 98 6.3 径流峰值 .....................................................................................................................................101 6.4 地表径流延迟 .............................................................................................................................107 6.5 输移损失 .....................................................................................................................................108 6.6 NOMENCLATURE ..........................................................................................................................111 6.7 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................112 第 7 章方程:蒸散发 ................................................................................................................................ 115 i

目录 7.1 冠层存储 .....................................................................................................................................116 7.2 潜在蒸散发 .................................................................................................................................117 7.3 实际蒸散发 .................................................................................................................................126 7.4 NOMENCLATURE ..........................................................................................................................133 7.5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................135 第 8 章方程:土壤水 ................................................................................................................................ 138 8.1 土壤结构 .....................................................................................................................................139 8.2 渗漏 .............................................................................................................................................142 8.3 旁通流 .........................................................................................................................................144 8.4 侧向流 .........................................................................................................................................151 8.5 NOMENCLATURE ..........................................................................................................................156 8.6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................157 第 9 章方程:地下水 ................................................................................................................................ 160 9.1 地下水系统 .................................................................................................................................161 9.2 浅层含水层 .................................................................................................................................163 9.3 深层含水层 .................................................................................................................................171 9.4 NOMENCLATURE ..........................................................................................................................171 9.5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................173 第 10 章方程:氮 ...................................................................................................................................... 174 10.1 氮循环 .......................................................................................................................................175 10.2 矿化、反消化/固化 ..................................................................................................................180 10.3 硝化、氨挥发 ...........................................................................................................................184 10.4 反硝化 .......................................................................................................................................187 10.5 降水中的氮 ...............................................................................................................................188 10.6 固化 ...........................................................................................................................................189 10.7 水中硝酸盐的向上运动 ...........................................................................................................190 10.8 渗滤 ...........................................................................................................................................190 10.9 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................190 10. 10 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................192 第 11 章方程:磷 ...................................................................................................................................... 194 11.1 磷循环 .......................................................................................................................................195 11.2 矿化、降解和固化 ...................................................................................................................198 11.3 无机磷的吸附 ...........................................................................................................................202 11.4 渗滤 ...........................................................................................................................................205 11.5 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................206 11.6 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................207 第 12 章方程:杀虫剂 .............................................................................................................................. 209 12.1 冲刷 ...........................................................................................................................................211 12.2 降解 ...........................................................................................................................................211 12.3 渗滤 ...........................................................................................................................................213 ii

目录 12.4 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................213 12.5 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................213 第 13 章方程:泥沙 .................................................................................................................................. 216 13.1 MUSLE .....................................................................................................................................217 13.2 USLE .........................................................................................................................................226 13.3 积雪覆盖效应 ...........................................................................................................................228 13.4 地表径流中的泥沙延迟 ...........................................................................................................229 13.5 侧向流和地下径流中的泥沙 ...................................................................................................230 13.6 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................231 13.7 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................232 第 14 章方程:营养物输移 ...................................................................................................................... 234 14.1 硝酸盐运动 ...............................................................................................................................235 14.2 地表径流中的有机氮 ...............................................................................................................237 14.3 溶解态磷的运动 .......................................................................................................................239 14.4 地表径流中吸附在泥沙上的有机和无机磷 ...........................................................................240 14.5 地表径流和侧向流中的营养物延迟 .......................................................................................242 14.6 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................243 14.7 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................245 第 15 章方程:杀虫剂输移 ...................................................................................................................... 247 15.1 杀虫剂的相分布 .......................................................................................................................248 15.2 溶解态杀虫剂的运动 ...............................................................................................................250 15.3 吸附态杀虫剂的输移 ...............................................................................................................254 15.4 地表径流和侧向流中的杀虫剂延迟 .......................................................................................257 15.5 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................258 15.6 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................259 第 16 章方程:水质参数 .......................................................................................................................... 260 16.1 藻类 ...........................................................................................................................................261 16.2 碳生化需氧量 ...........................................................................................................................261 16.3 溶解氧 .......................................................................................................................................263 16.4 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................264 16.5 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................265 第 17 章方程:生长循环 .......................................................................................................................... 266 17.1 热量单位 ...................................................................................................................................267 17.2 休眠 ...........................................................................................................................................273 17.3 植物类型 ...................................................................................................................................273 17.4 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................274 17.5 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................275 第 18 章方程:最优生长 .......................................................................................................................... 277 18.1 潜在生长 ...................................................................................................................................278 18.2 植物的水分吸收 .......................................................................................................................287 18.3 营养物吸收 ...............................................................................................................................292 iii

目录 18.4 作物产量 ...................................................................................................................................302 18.5 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................304 18.6 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................307 第 19 章方程:实际生长 .......................................................................................................................... 310 19.1 生长限制 ...................................................................................................................................311 19.2 实际生长 ...................................................................................................................................315 19.3 实际作物产量 ...........................................................................................................................316 19.4 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................318 第 20 章方程:常规管理 .......................................................................................................................... 320 20.1 种植/生长季节开始 ..................................................................................................................321 20.2 收获操作 ...................................................................................................................................322 20.3 放牧操作 ...................................................................................................................................323 20.4 收获&销毁操作 ........................................................................................................................325 20.5 销毁/生长季节结束 ..................................................................................................................326 20.6 翻耕 ...........................................................................................................................................326 20.7 施肥 ...........................................................................................................................................329 20.8 自动肥料施用 ...........................................................................................................................331 20.9 杀虫剂施用 ...............................................................................................................................335 20.10 缓冲带 .....................................................................................................................................337 20.11 NOMENCLATURE ......................................................................................................................337 20.12 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................339 第 21 章方程:水管理 .............................................................................................................................. 340 21.1 灌溉 ...........................................................................................................................................341 21.2 瓦沟排水 ...................................................................................................................................343 21.3 蓄水/洼地 ..................................................................................................................................344 21.4 调水 ...........................................................................................................................................344 21.5 消耗性用水 ...............................................................................................................................345 21.6 点源负荷 ...................................................................................................................................346 21.7 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................346 第 22 章方程:城市用地 .......................................................................................................................... 347 22.1 城市用地的特点 .......................................................................................................................348 22.2 城市用地的地表径流 ...............................................................................................................349 22.3 USGS 回归方程 ........................................................................................................................350 22.4 累积/冲刷 ..................................................................................................................................352 22.5 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................356 22.6 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................357 第 23 章方程:水流演算 .......................................................................................................................... 359 23.1 河道特征 ...................................................................................................................................360 23.2 流量和速率 ...............................................................................................................................362 iv

目录 23.3 变量存储演算方法 ...................................................................................................................365 23.4 MUSKINGUM 演算方法 .............................................................................................................368 23.5 传播损失 ...................................................................................................................................372 23.6 蒸发损失 ...................................................................................................................................373 23.7 BANK STORAGE .........................................................................................................................374 23.8 河道水量平衡 ...........................................................................................................................376 23.9 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................377 23.10 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................378 第 24 章方程:泥沙演算 .......................................................................................................................... 381 24.1 泥沙河道输移 ...........................................................................................................................382 24.2 河道深切和加宽 .......................................................................................................................386 24.3 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................387 24.4 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................388 第 25 章方程:河道内营养物循环过程 .................................................................................................. 390 25.1 藻类 ...........................................................................................................................................391 25.2 氮循环 .......................................................................................................................................398 25.3 磷循环 .......................................................................................................................................403 25.4 碳生化需氧量 ...........................................................................................................................405 25.5 氧 ...............................................................................................................................................406 25.6 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................411 25.7 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................414 第 26 章方程:河道内杀虫剂转化 .......................................................................................................... 416 26.1 水体中的杀虫剂 .......................................................................................................................417 26.2 泥沙中的杀虫剂 .......................................................................................................................422 26.3 质量守恒 ...................................................................................................................................426 26.4 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................427 26.5 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................428 第 27 章方程:蓄水演算 .......................................................................................................................... 430 27.1 水库 ...........................................................................................................................................431 27.2 池塘/湿地 ..................................................................................................................................437 27.3 洼地/壶穴 ..................................................................................................................................442 27.4 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................446 第 28 章方程:水体中的泥沙 .................................................................................................................. 448 28.1 质量守恒 ...................................................................................................................................449 28.2 沉淀 ...........................................................................................................................................449 28.3 泥沙出流 ...................................................................................................................................452 28.4 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................452 第 29 章方程:水体中的营养物质 .......................................................................................................... 453 29.1 营养物转化 ...............................................................................................................................454 29.2 总平衡 .......................................................................................................................................458 v

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