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2017江苏南京航空航天大学基础英语考研真题.doc
2017 江苏南京航空航天大学基础英语考研真题
I. Vocabulary (20 points)
A. Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word
above. Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)
1. reminisce
a) indulge in enjoyable recollection b) remind someone of past events
c) talk about something again d) feel repentant over something
2. tacky
a) very pretty b) lacking in taste
c) carefully prepared d) costing a lot of money
3. verbosity
a) nonsense b) obscurity
c) gibberish d) wordiness
4. acme
a) height b) significance
c) development d) result
5. exhilarate
a) cause (someone) to feel surprised and upset b) make (someone) feel very happy
and animated
c) make (someone) feel bitter or resentful d) give support or confidence to (someone)
6. restive
a) extremely graceful b) having a rest
c) resisting control d) peaceful and quiet
7. discrepancy
a) unlikeliness b) congruity
c) incredibility d) difference
8. unequivocal
a) unambiguous b) unbelievable
c) indignant d) indiscreet
9. preposterous
a) macabre b) unfortunate
c) dangerous d) outrageous
10. sojourn
a) a pleasant trip b) a nostalgic recollection
c) a temporary stay d) a sad experience
B. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple,
everyday words or expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation
on the answer sheet. (10 points)
1. What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after
the Norman Conquest.
2. To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, we renew our pledge
of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective.
3. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing,
full of beauty, passion, and trauma.
4. These young men had outgrown town and families and had developed a sudden
bewildering world-weariness.
5. To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live in jostling proximity to
the frustrated majority.
6. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade,
but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.
7. Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative
and characteristic activity.
8. Scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the
Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year.
9. These coasts remind me of people; either they are forbidding and unapproachable,
or else they present no mystery and show all they have to give at a glance.
10. His invasion of Russia is no more than a prelude to an attempted invasion of
the British Isles.
II. Cloze (20 points)
A. Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and
write down the requiredword on the answer sheet. (10 points)
NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson is on the 1 of becoming the oldest woman to travel in
space.
Whitson will be 56 2 she rockets off the planet Thursday. She’ll celebrate her 57th
3 inFebruary on the International Space Station.
That’s a 4 cry from John Glenn’s space shuttle flight at 5 77, and it’s a 6 years
shy of the male runners-up over the years. But it’s enough to 7 Barbara Morgan’s
record as the world’s oldest spacewoman. Morgan was selected for NASA’s
teacher-in-space program in 1985 8 didn’t get a chance to fly until 2007, when she
was 55.
This will be the third space station mission for Whitson, a biochemist, and her second
stint 9commander. She’ll launch from Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, 10 two younger
men, one Russian and the11 French.
“I love working at NASA, but the part that has been the 12 satisfying on a day-to-day
13 has been working onboard the space station,” Whitson 14 reporters over the summer.
“It doesn’t 15 if I’m cleaning the filters. I feel like I’m helping personally
push 16exploration . . . that’s 17 I want to go again.”
Whitson already has 18 377 days in space and has performed multiple spacewalks. Her
upcoming six-month mission should push her 19 534 days in space, the U.S. record
20 in September by 58-year-old astronaut Jeffrey Williams
B. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form
if necessary and write down the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)
A road has been cleared to the 1 town of Kaikoura on New Zealand’s east coast four
days after it was cut off by a magnitude 7.8 quake that 2 the North Canterbury region
of the South Island.
The inland road to Kaikoura was 3 on Thursday morning, but only for trucks and 4
drive vehicles as it remained unstable and badly damaged.
A convoy of 27 army vehicles 5 with relief supplies was immediately sent to the town.
Gale-force winds and heavy downpours in quake-stricken areas continued to 6 the pace
of relief efforts, 7 the majority of the 1,200 tourists stranded in Kaikoura had
been evacuated by sea and air.
Nearly 500 8 came into Christchurch early on Wednesday morning on the HMNZS
Canterbury and were 9 up in empty student dormitories, where they were 10 cooked
breakfasts and 11 showers after arriving at 5am.
Police in Marlborough were using a military Iroquois 12 to begin checking on isolated
high-country farms from the Clarence river 13 the upper Awatere valley, delivering
14 food and medical supplies to farmers who had gone 15 assistance since the quake
early on Monday.
Police 16 Dan Mattison said many people on isolated properties still had no phone
or internet 17and the next few days would be the first 18 for police to check on
them.
Aftershocks continued to be 19 , but less often. GeoNet said on Wednesday it had
recorded more than 2,600 tremors since the 20 quake.
III. Error correction (20 points)
Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required
to underline or mark the mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the
correct form on the answer sheet.
Example: “Wordsworth is said to have ∨ most fascinating voice!” the
As the rise of Hitler in Germany, Churchill became a vocal critic 1. __________
of his own government’s policy of appeasement. He had urged 2. __________
re-armament, particularly the build up of the Royal Air Force in the 3. __________
face of the threat of the growing German Luftwaffe. When appeasement
failed and Britain went to war, Churchill saw as the only man who could 4. __________
stand up to the Nazi menace.
It has frequently been remarked as his judgment was sometimes 5. __________
erratic, but the power of his oratory rallied the British people at a time that 6.
__________
they seemed doom to lose. Then, when the United States entered 7. __________
the World War II in December 1941, he addressed Congress, emphasizing 8. __________
the need for Anglo-American solidarity and cited his own trans-Atlantic 9.
__________
inheritance: his mother was the New York heiress Jenny Jerome. For him the 10.
_________
vital component was not the sharing blood, but the shared language. During 11.
_________
the war, the British Cabinet set up a committee to develop a simple form 12. _________
of English that the whole world could embrace.
Although Churchill fell from power in 1945, his commanding of rhetoric 13. _________
was far from over. He coined the term “Iron Curtain”, marked the advent of 14.
_________
the Cold War. Returning to popular favour, he was Prime Minister once
more from 1951-1955.
Determined that history would judge him favourable, he wrote The 15. _________
Second World War in six volumes between 1948 to 1953. It won him 16._________
Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. 17. _________
By his death in 1965, he proved his mastery of both the written and 18. _________
spoken forms of language – not just in the heavyweight arena of war 19. _________
and politics. His unique wit and acerbic asides made him out of the most 20. _________
acute observers of the twentieth century.
IV. Paraphrase (30 points)
Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify
the meaning. Be sure to write down your restatement on the answer sheet.
1. Nurses walked by carrying nickel-plated instruments, the very sight of which would
send shivers down the spine of any healthy visitor.
2. No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the
most famous trials in U. S.history.
3. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that “no”
is a word the world never learned to say to her.
4. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than
any we have ever faced.
5. If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil
in the House of Commons.
6. Every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.
7. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our
deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love.
8. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social
structure.
9. New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends.
10. Heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.
V. General Knowledge (20 points)
A. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)
1. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.” This
statement is cited to represent_________.
A. The arbitrariness of language
B. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
C. The origin of language
D. Innate Hypothesis
2. “Nasty weather, isn’t it?” What function does this sentence fulfill?
A. Informative function.
B. Interrogative function.
C. Performative function.
D. Phatic function.
3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the procedure of error analysis?
A. Recognition.
B. Comparison.
C. Description.
D. Explanation.
4. Which of the following tests seeks to predict the learner’s probable strengths
and weaknesses in learning a
second language?
A. Achievement test.
B. Proficiency test.
C. Aptitude test.
D. Diagnostic test.
5. The classification of varieties of language into Dialects and Registers is based
on ____.
A. The user and use of the language
B. The function of the language
C. The goal of the language
D. The structure of language
6. Who is regarded as “Father of the English Novel” ?
A. Daniel Defoe B. Samuel Richardson C. Jonathan Swift D. Henry Fielding
7. Which of the following writers is NOT a Nobel Prize winner for literature?
A. William Faulkner B. Doris Lessing C. V. S. Naipaul D. J. M. Coetzee
8. _________ ’ writing has established her as one of the greatest contemporary
writers of fiction in Canada, and she has received many important prizes, including
the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as “master of the contemporary short
story” and three-time winner of Canada’s Governor General’s Award for Fiction.
A. Margaret Atwood B. Marian Engel C. Alice Munro D. Doris Lessing
9. Which of the following statements about literary genre is NOT true?
A. Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship
which has been transmitted orally.
B. An epic is an extended narrative poem or a novel, which celebrates the feats of
one or more legendary or traditional heroes.
C. A picaresque novel generally refers to a basically realistic work of fiction
focusing on a lower-class rogue-hero, who experiences a series of loose, episodic
adventures.
D. Gothic Novel is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange,
mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.
10. Which one of the following sentences is NOT from Walden?
A. Every morning was a cheerful invitation to make my life of equal simplicity, and
I may say innocence, with Nature herself.
B. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the
essentials facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.
C. If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe
and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which
had been shown!
D. Morning is when I am awake and there is a dawn in me. Moral reform is the effort
to throw off sleep.
B. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms
and explain them in plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)
1. predicate
2. complementary distribution
3. suprasegmental phonology
4. broadening
5. textual function
6. sonnet
7. Lake Poets
8. ecological consciousness
9. patriarchy
10. Lost Generation
VI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each
question there are four answers marked［A］［, B］［, C］or［D］. Read the passages
carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.
Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.
Passage A
For many years, parts of America’s space industry have complained that the rules
governing the export of technology are too strict. Understandably, the government
does not want militarily useful stuff to fall into the hands of its foes. But the
result is a system that is too strict in its definition of “militarily useful”
and which favours lumbering dinosaurs such as Lockheed Martin and Boeing, which
survive on fat government contracts, rather than nimble but small “furry mammals”
that need every customer they can get, domestic or foreign.
In December 2007 one of those mammals, a company called Bigelow Aerospace, filed
the first legal challenge to America’s rules for exporting space technology. It
disputed the government’s claim that foreign passengers travelling on a spaceship
or space station were involved in a transfer of technology. The outcome suggests
that there may be a chink in the armour of the export-controls regime.
Improbable as it sounds, Bigelow Aerospace makes and launches inflatable
space-station modules and hopes, one day, to build a commercial space station. Under
the existing rules, any non-American passengers on its space stations would have
to comply with onerous export controls. These take months to satisfy and could
plausibly even culminate in government monitors being present while the foreigner
was near American space technology. Even training on the ground in a mock-up module
was deemed a transfer of technology and therefore required export controls.
Yet, taking a passenger flight does not mean you can build an aeroplane, observes
Mike Gold, head of Bigelow’s office in Washington, DC. His line of argument, it
seems, has been accepted. Mr Gold says that the company received the ruling in
February and that it has spent the past two months digesting it. He says that
Bigelow has got “everything we could want”, though the ruling still precludes
passengers from what he describes as the “bad-boy list of export
control”—nationals from Sudan, Iran, North Korea and China will not be allowed
to fly or train on suborbital passenger flights, or visit Bigelow’s space station.
Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling. Marc Holzapfel, legal
counsel for Virgin Galactic, describes it as a “major development” because it frees
the industry from having to go through the “complicated, expensive and dilatory
export-approval process”. Tim Hughes, chief counsel of SpaceX, says the approval
is exciting, because it seems to represent a “common-sense approach” and bodes
well for similar requests made by companies such as his own to carry foreign
astronauts hoping to work on missions to the International Space Station.
The result also means something to the entire export-control regime, known as the
International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Robert Dickman, executive
director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, says the
decision appears to convey a new willingness to “move away from the very restrictive
approach that has been in place for almost a decade”. His organisation is hosting
a forum later this month involving the private spaceflight industry and senior
government officials to discuss the regulations.
During the American presidential campaign, Barack Obama said that, if elected, he
would review ITAR,focusing on space hardware. George Nield, associate administrator
for commercial space transportation within the Federal Aviation Authority, says
although he has not seen the new ruling, it was good news that the government “may
now be willing to revise some of its export-control restrictions to enable American
firms to be more competitive in their efforts to sell aerospace products and services
globally”.
1. What does “furry mammals” in the first paragraph probably refer to?
A. giants in space industry
B. small and Medium Enterprises in space industry
C. a representative cross-section of the furry fandom
D. smaller-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair
2. The word “onerous” in the third paragraph of the passage is closest in meaning
to___.
A. complicated
B. irreplaceable
C. inevitable
D. stackable
3. According to the passage, what seems the most possible reason for export controls?
A. ideological tactic
B. safety of the country
C. protection of technology
D. economic benefits
4. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Bigelow has fulfilled its objective.
B. Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling because it simplified the
export-approval process.
C. The new decision means something to the private spaceflight industry.
D. George Nield stands in the middle when talking about the ruling.
5. What is the best title for this passage?
A. Freedom to fly.
B. America’s space industry.
C. Export-controls of space technology.
D. Furry mammals need to survive.
Passage B
You may have heard the legend of the pilot who bid passengers farewell after landing
with these words:“The safest part of your trip is now over.” That isn’t just one
pilot’s boast, it’s a truth most air travelers take for granted. Safety is an
accumulation of knowledge about risk converted into practice, and no other mode of
transportation has been as expansive as flying in incorporating what we know about
the fallibility of humans and machines. As a result, the act of hurtling through
the air at 500 mph six miles above the ground is less likely to result in your demise
than almost any other type of travel. From the plane seats to the cabin air to the
course and altitude of the flight, every decision in commercial aviation comes after
careful consideration of its impact on safety.
Airplane design is important to its safety. In the past 50 years, the world’s
commercial airliners have racked up nearly one billion flight hours, providing an
industry meticulous about recordkeeping with a steady stream of information that
is used to constantly improve the design of airplanes and engines. And all this
information gives engineers a truer understanding of the machine’s limits. Besides,
manufacturers now know what happens in the real world, which prompts refinements
that may make a genuine difference in safety instead of only in design.
An equal amount of attention is also paid to the area where you sit. Capacious or
cramped, first-class or economy, all airplane seats meet tough standards for
durability and head-impact protection. The modern airliner seat can withstand 16
times the force of gravity. And seat protection doesn’t stop there. The fabrics
and cushions are fire retardant and self-extinguishing, and they will not emit toxic
smoke. Even the items you find in the seat back are tested to make sure they can’t
become lethal. The insulation in the cabin walls is fire retardant, and, in the case
of a fire, emergency lighting is close to the floor. This makes it easier to locate
the exits in a smoke-filled cabin.
Technology is no substitute for experience, skill and judgment. Airlines know the
importance of good pilots and good training, which is why so much effort goes into
selection and schooling. And what they need most is a personality that ensures good
communication skills, that ensures leadership potential, the ability to work as part
of a team and low risk-taking. For example, U.S. carriers expect pilots to have
accrued hundreds of hours on their own nickel before applying to become commercial
pilots.
The pilots and the airplanes may be the stars of the show in commercial aviation,
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