虎书 Modern Compiler Implementation in C 电子版,非影印.pdf

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Modern Compiler Implementation in C

Modern Compiler Implementation in C ANDREW W. APPEL Princeton University with MAIA GINSBURG

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521583909 © Andrew W. Appel and Maia Ginsburg 1998 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1998 Revised and expanded edition of Modern Compiler Implementation in C: Basic Techniques Reprinted with corrections, 1999 First paperback edition 2004 Typeset in Times, Courier, and Optima A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data Appel, Andrew W., 1960– and expanded ed. Modern compiler implementation in C / Andrew W. Appel with Maia Ginsburg. – Rev. x, 544 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 528–536) and index. ISBN 0 521 58390 X 1. C (Computer program language) 2. Compilers (Computer programs) (hardback) I. Ginsburg, Maia. II. Title. QA76.73.C15A63 1998 005.4´53—dc21 97-031089 CIP ISBN 0 521 58390 X hardback ISBN 0 521 60765 5 paperback

Contents Preface Part I Fundamentals of Compilation 1 Introduction 1.1 Modules and interfaces 1.2 Tools and software 1.3 Data structures for tree languages 2 Lexical Analysis 2.1 Lexical tokens 2.2 Regular expressions 2.3 Finite automata 2.4 Nondeterministic ﬁnite automata 2.5 Lex: a lexical analyzer generator 3 Parsing 3.1 Context-free grammars 3.2 Predictive parsing 3.3 LR parsing 3.4 Using parser generators 3.5 Error recovery 4 Abstract Syntax 4.1 Semantic actions 4.2 Abstract parse trees 5 Semantic Analysis 5.1 Symbol tables 5.2 Bindings for the Tiger compiler ix 3 4 5 7 16 17 18 21 24 30 39 41 46 56 69 76 88 88 92 103 103 112 v

CONTENTS 5.3 Type-checking expressions 5.4 Type-checking declarations 6 Activation Records 6.1 Stack frames 6.2 Frames in the Tiger compiler 7 Translation to Intermediate Code 7.1 Intermediate representation trees 7.2 Translation into trees 7.3 Declarations 8 Basic Blocks and Traces 8.1 Canonical trees 8.2 Taming conditional branches 9 Instruction Selection 9.1 Algorithms for instruction selection 9.2 CISC machines 9.3 Instruction selection for the Tiger compiler 10 Liveness Analysis 10.1 Solution of dataﬂow equations 10.2 Liveness in the Tiger compiler 11 Register Allocation 11.1 Coloring by simpliﬁcation 11.2 Coalescing 11.3 Precolored nodes 11.4 Graph coloring implementation 11.5 Register allocation for trees 12 Putting It All Together Part II Advanced Topics 13 Garbage Collection 13.1 Mark-and-sweep collection 13.2 Reference counts 115 118 125 127 135 150 151 154 170 176 177 185 191 194 202 205 218 220 229 235 236 239 243 248 257 265 273 273 278 vi

CONTENTS 13.3 Copying collection 13.4 Generational collection 13.5 Incremental collection 13.6 Baker’s algorithm 13.7 Interface to the compiler 14 Object-Oriented Languages 14.1 Classes 14.2 Single inheritance of data ﬁelds 14.3 Multiple inheritance 14.4 Testing class membership 14.5 Private ﬁelds and methods 14.6 Classless languages 14.7 Optimizing object-oriented programs 15 Functional Programming Languages Immutable variables Inline expansion 15.1 A simple functional language 15.2 Closures 15.3 15.4 15.5 Closure conversion 15.6 Efﬁcient tail recursion 15.7 Lazy evaluation 16 Polymorphic Types 16.1 Parametric polymorphism 16.2 Type inference 16.3 Representation of polymorphic variables 16.4 Resolution of static overloading 17 Dataﬂow Analysis Intermediate representation for ﬂow analysis 17.1 17.2 Various dataﬂow analyses 17.3 Transformations using dataﬂow analysis 17.4 Speeding up dataﬂow analysis 17.5 Alias analysis 18 Loop Optimizations 18.1 Dominators 280 285 287 290 291 299 299 302 304 306 310 310 311 315 316 318 319 326 332 335 337 350 351 359 369 378 383 384 387 392 393 402 410 413 vii

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