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I ? A r ? A ? . i ■ . . ? * * r 1 i' r ? w * ) I - ? f r w^ ?. CRC Press Taylor Si Francis Grou ? A CHAPMAN & HALL BOOK
THE GARBAGE COLLECTION HANDBOOK The Art of Automatic Memory Management
Chapman & Hall/CRC Applied Algorithms and Data Structures Series Series Editor Samir Khuller University of Maryland Aims and Scopes The design and analysis of algorithms and data structures form the foundation of computer science. As current algorithms and data structures are improved and new methods are introduced, it becomes increasingly important to present the latest research and applications to professionals in the field. This series aims to capture new developments and applications in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures through the publication of a broad range of textbooks, reference works, and handbooks. The inclusion of concrete examples and applications is highly encouraged. The scope of the series includes, but is not limited to, titles in the areas of parallel algorithms, approximation algorithms, randomized algorithms, graph algorithms, search algorithms, machine learning algorithms, medical algorithms, data structures, graph structures, tree data structures, and other relevant topics that might be proposed by potential contributors. Published Titles A Practical Guide to Data Structures and Algorithms Using Java Sally A. Goldman and Kenneth J. Goldman Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, Second Edition - Two Volume Set Edited by Mikhail J. Atallah and Marina Blanton Mathematical and Algorithmic Foundations of the Internet Fabrizio Luccio and Linda Pagli, with Graham Steel The Garbage Collection Handbook: The Art of Automatic Memory Management Richard Jones, Antony Hosking, and Eliot Moss
THE GARBAGE COLLECTION HANDBOOK The Art of Automatic Memory Management Richard Jones Antony Hosking Eliot Moss CRC Press Taylor &. Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group an informa business A CHAPMAN & HALL BOOK
The cover image logo concept was created by Richard Jones, and the rights to the logo belong solely to him. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 ? 2012 by Richard Jones, Antony Hosking, and Eliot Moss CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Version Date: 20110726 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-8279-1 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
To Robbie, Helen, Kate and William Mandi, Ben, Matt, Jory and K Hannah, Natalie and Casandra
Contents List of Algorithms xv List of Figures xix List of Tables xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxvii Authors xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Explicit deallocation 2 1.2 Automatic dynamic memory management 3 1.3 Comparing garbage collection algorithms 5 Safety 6 Throughput 6 Completeness and promptness 6 Pause time 7 Space overhead 8 Optimisations for specific languages 8 Scalability and portability 9 1.4 A performance disadvantage? 9 1.5 Experimental methodology 10 1.6 Terminology and notation 11 The heap 11 The mutator and the collector 12 The mutator roots 12 References, fields and addresses 13 Liveness, correctness and reachability 13 Pseudo-code 14 The allocator 14 Mutator read and write operations 14 Atomic operations 15 Sets, multisets, sequences and tuples 15 vn
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