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Fundamentals of Wireless Communication1 David Tse, University of California, Berkeley Pramod Viswanath, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign September 10, 2004 1Draft, to be published by Cambridge University Press, which owns the copyright. Online version is available with their permission. Comments will be much appreciated; please send them to dtse@eecs.berkeley.edu or pramodv@uiuc.edu.
Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Book Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Wireless Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Book Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Wireless Channel 2.2 2.1 Physical Modeling for Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Free space, fixed transmitting and receive antennas . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Free space, moving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Reflecting wall, fixed antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.4 Reflecting wall, moving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.5 Reflection from a Ground Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.6 Power Decay with Distance and Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.7 Moving Antenna, Multiple Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input/Output Model of the Wireless Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 The Wireless Channel as a Linear Time-Varying System . . . . 2.2.2 Baseband Equivalent Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 A Discrete Time Baseband Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discussion 2.1 Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 Additive White Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Time and Frequency Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Statistical Channel Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Modeling Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Tap Gain Autocorrelation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 2.2 Clarke’s Model 12 12 13 16 21 21 23 24 25 27 29 30 31 32 32 34 37 40 41 42 42 44 47 47 48 50 51 55 56 1
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 2 3 Point-to-Point Communication: Detection, Diversity and Channel Uncertainty 3.1 Detection in a Rayleigh Fading Channel 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.1 Noncoherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.2 Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.1.3 From BPSK to QPSK: Exploiting the Degrees of Freedom . . . 72 3.1.4 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2 Time Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.1 Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2.2 Beyond Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Example 3.1 Time Diversity in GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.3 Antenna Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.3.1 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.3.2 Transmit Diversity: Space-Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.3.3 MIMO: A 2 × 2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.4 Frequency Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.4.1 Basic Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.4.2 Single-Carrier with ISI Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3.4.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Impact of Channel Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.5.1 Noncoherent Detection for DS Spread Spectrum . . . . . . . . . 122 3.5.2 Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.5.3 Other Diversity Scenarios 3.6 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.5 4 Cellular Systems: Multiple Access and Interference Management 143 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.2 Narrowband Cellular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.2.1 Narrowband allocations: GSM system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Impact on Network and System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 4.2.2 4.2.3 Impact on Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.3 Wideband Systems: CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 4.3.1 CDMA Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4.3.2 CDMA Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.3.3 System Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.4 Wideband Systems: OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.4.1 Allocation Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.4.2 Hopping Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Signal Characteristics and Receiver Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.4.3
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 3 4.4.4 Sectorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Example 4.1 Flash-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 4.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5 Capacity of Wireless Channels 5.2 Resources of the AWGN Channel 5.3 Linear Time-Invariant Gaussian Channels Example 5.2 Bandwidth Reuse in Cellular Systems Discussion 5.1 Capacity-Achieving AWGN Channel Codes 195 5.1 AWGN Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 5.1.1 Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 5.1.2 Packing Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 . . 199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 5.2.1 Continuous-Time AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 5.2.2 Power and Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 . . . . . . 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 . . . . . . . . . 209 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) Channel 5.3.1 5.3.2 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Channel . . . . . . . . . 210 5.3.3 Frequency-Selective Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5.4 Capacity of Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 5.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5.4.2 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 5.4.3 Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 5.4.4 Time and Frequency Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 5.4.5 Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 5.4.6 Transmitter Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Example 5.3 Rate Adaptation in IS-856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 5.4.7 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 5.4.8 Summary: A Shift in Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 5.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 5.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Slow Fading Channel 6 Multiuser Capacity and Opportunistic Communication 6.1 Uplink AWGN Channel 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 6.1.1 Capacity via Successive Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . 267 6.1.2 Comparison with Conventional CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 6.1.3 Comparison with Orthogonal Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . 271 6.1.4 General K-user Uplink Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 6.2.1 Symmetric Case: Two Capacity-Achieving Schemes . . . . . . . 276 6.2.2 General Case: Superposition Coding Achieves Capacity . . . . . 279 Discussion 6.1 SIC: Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . 283 6.2 Downlink AWGN Channel
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 4 6.4 Downlink Fading Channel 6.3 Uplink Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Slow Fading Channel 6.3.1 6.3.2 Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 6.3.3 Full Channel Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 6.4.1 Channel Side Information at Receiver Only . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 6.4.2 Full Channel Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 6.5 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 6.6 Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 6.6.1 Multiuser Diversity Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 6.6.2 Multiuser versus Classical Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 6.7.1 Fair Scheduling and Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.7.2 Channel Prediction and Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 6.7.3 Opportunistic Beamforming using Dumb Antennas . . . . . . . 309 6.7.4 Multiuser Diversity in Multi-cell Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 6.7.5 A System View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 6.8 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 6.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 6.7 Multiuser Diversity: System Aspects 7 MIMO I: Spatial Multiplexing and Channel Modeling I.I.D. Rayleigh Fading Model 7.2 Physical Modeling of MIMO Channels 7.1 Multiplexing Capability of Deterministic MIMO Channels 342 . . . . . . . 343 7.1.1 Capacity via Singular Value Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . 343 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 7.1.2 Rank and Condition Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 7.2.1 Line-of-Sight SIMO channel 7.2.2 Line-of-Sight MISO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 7.2.3 Antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path . . . . . . . . . . 351 7.2.4 Geographically separated antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 7.2.5 Line-of-sight plus one reflected path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 7.3.1 Basic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 7.3.2 MIMO Multipath Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 7.3.3 Angular Domain Representation of Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 7.3.4 Angular Domain Representation of MIMO Channels . . . . . . . 370 7.3.5 Statistical Modeling in the Angular Domain . . . . . . . . . . . 372 7.3.6 Degrees of Freedom and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Example 7.1 Degrees of Freedom in Clustered Response Models 375 7.3.7 Dependency on Antenna Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 7.3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 7.4 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 7.3 Modeling of MIMO Fading Channels
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 5 7.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 8 MIMO II: Capacity and Multiplexing Architectures 393 8.1 The V-BLAST Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 8.2 Fast Fading MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 8.2.1 Capacity with CSI at Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 8.2.2 Performance Gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 8.2.3 Full CSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 8.3.1 Linear Decorrelator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 8.3.2 Successive Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 8.3.3 Linear MMSE Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 8.3.4 Information Theoretic Optimality* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Discussion 8.1 Connections with CDMA Multiuser Detection 8.3 Receiver Architectures and ISI Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 8.4 Slow Fading MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 8.5 D-BLAST: An Outage-Optimal Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 8.5.1 Sub-optimality of V-BLAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 8.5.2 Coding Across Transmit Antennas: D-BLAST . . . . . . . . . . 435 8.5.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 8.6 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 8.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 9 MIMO III: Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff and Universal Space-Time Scalar Rayleigh Channel 2 × 2 MIMO Rayleigh Channel Codes 451 9.1 Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 9.1.1 Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 9.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 9.1.3 Parallel Rayleigh Channel 9.1.4 MISO Rayleigh Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 9.1.5 9.1.6 nt × nr MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 9.2 Universal Code Design for Optimal Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff . . 467 9.2.1 QAM is Approximately Universal for Scalar Channels . . . . . . 468 9.2.2 Universal Code Design for Parallel Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 470 9.2.3 Universal Code Design for MISO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 9.2.4 Universal Code Design for MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Discussion 9.1 Universal Codes in the Downlink . . . . . . . . 485 9.3 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 9.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 6 10 MIMO IV: Multiuser Communication 10.3 Downlink with Multiple Transmit Antennas 497 10.1 Uplink with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 10.1.1 Space-Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 10.1.2 SDMA Capacity Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 10.1.3 System Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 10.1.4 Slow Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 10.1.5 Fast Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 10.1.6 Multiuser Diversity Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 10.2 MIMO Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 10.2.1 SDMA with Multiple Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 10.2.2 System Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 10.2.3 Fast Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 10.3.1 Degrees of Freedom in the Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 10.3.2 Uplink-Downlink Duality and Transmit Beamforming . . . . . . 525 10.3.3 Precoding for Interference Known at Transmitter . . . . . . . . 530 10.3.4 Precoding for the downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 10.3.5 Fast Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 10.4 MIMO Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 10.5 Multiple Antennas in Cellular Networks: A System View . . . . . . . . 552 10.5.1 Inter-cell Interference Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 10.5.2 Uplink with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 10.5.3 MIMO Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 10.5.4 Downlink with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 . . . . . . . . . . . 559 10.5.5 Downlink with Multiple Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . 559 10.6 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 10.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Example 10.1 SDMA in ArrayComm Systems A Detection and Estimation in Additive Gaussian Noise 579 A.1 Gaussian Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 A.1.1 Scalar Real Gaussian Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 A.1.2 Real Gaussian Random Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 A.1.3 Complex Gaussian Random Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 A.2 Detection in Gaussian Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 A.2.1 Scalar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 A.2.2 Detection in a Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 A.2.3 Detection in a Complex Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 A.3 Estimation in Gaussian Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 A.3.1 Scalar Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 A.3.2 Estimation in a Vector Space
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