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Chemistry for Engineering Students.pdf
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Student Introduction
1: Introduction to Chemistry
1.1 Insight Into: Aluminum
1.2 The Study of Chemistry
The Macroscopic Perspective
The Microscopic or Particulate Perspective
Symbolic Representation
1.3 The Science of Chemistry: Observations and Models
Observations in Science
Interpreting Observations
Models in Science
1.4 Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry
Units
Numbers and Significant Figures
1.5 Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
Using Ratios
Ratios in Chemistry Calculations
Conceptual Chemistry Problems
Visualization in Chemistry
1.6 Insight Into: Material Selection and Bicycle Frames
Bicycle Frames
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
2: Atoms and Molecules
2.1 Insight Into: Polymers
2.2 Atomic Structure and Mass
Fundamental Concepts of the Atom
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Isotopes
Atomic Symbols
Atomic Masses
2.3 Ions
Mathematical Description
Ions and Their Properties
2.4 Compounds and Chemical Bonds
Chemical Formulas
Chemical Bonding
2.5 The Periodic Table
Periods and Groups
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
2.6 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry—Main Groups and Transition Metals
Organic Chemistry
Functional Groups
2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
Binary Systems
Naming Covalent Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds
2.8 Insight Into: Polyethylene
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
3: Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations
3.1 Insight Into: Explosions
3.2 Chemical Formulas and Equations
Writing Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
3.3 Aqueous Solutions and Net Ionic Equations
Solutions, Solvents, and Solutes
Chemical Equations for Aqueous Reactions
Acid–Base Reactions
3.4 Interpreting Equations and the Mole
Interpreting Chemical Equations
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole
Determining Molar Mass
3.5 Calculations Using Moles and Molar Masses
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Molarity
Dilution
3.6 Insight Into: Explosives and Green Chemistry
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
4: Stoichiometry
4.1 Insight Into: Gasoline and Other Fuels
4.2 Fundamentals of Stoichiometry
Obtaining Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation
4.3 Limiting Reactants
4.4 Theoretical and Percentage Yields
4.5 Solution Stoichiometry
4.6 Insight Into: Alternative Fuels and Fuel Additives
Additives
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
5: Gases
5.1 Insight Into: Air Pollution
Properties of Gases
5.2 Pressure
Measuring Pressure
Units of Pressure
5.3 History and Application of the Gas Law
Units and the Ideal Gas Law
5.4 Partial Pressure
5.5 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases
STP Conditions
5.6 Kinetic–Molecular Theory and Ideal Versus Real Gases
Postulates of the Model
Real Gases and Limitations of the Kinetic Theory
Correcting the Ideal Gas Equation
5.7 Insight Into: Gas Sensors
Capacitance Manometer
Thermocouple Gauge
Ionization Gauge
Mass Spectrometer
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
6: The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure
6.1 Insight Into: Incandescent and Fluorescent Lights
6.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Wave Nature of Light
The Particulate Nature of Light
6.3 Atomic Spectra
The Bohr Atom
6.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
Potential Energy and Orbitals
Quantum Numbers
Visualizing Orbitals
6.5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electron Configurations
Orbital Energies and Electron Configurations
Hund’s Rule and the Aufbau Principle
6.6 The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations
6.7 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
Atomic Size
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
6.8 Insight Into: Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
7: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
7.1 Insight Into: Materials for Biomedical Engineering
7.2 The Ionic Bond
Formation of Cations
Formation of Anions
7.3 The Covalent Bond
Chemical Bonds and Energy
Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Chemical Bonds and the Structure of Molecules
7.4 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Electronegativity
Bond Polarity
7.5 Keeping Track of Bonding: Lewis Structures
Resonance
7.6 Orbital Overlap and Chemical Bonding
7.7 Hybrid Orbitals
7.8 Shapes of Molecules
7.9 Insight Into: Molecular Scale Engineering for Drug Delivery
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
8: Molecules and Materials
8.1 Insight Into: Carbon
8.2 Condensed Phases—Solids
8.3 Bonding in Solids: Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
Models of Metallic Bonding
Band Theory and Conductivity
Semiconductors
8.4 Intermolecular Forces
Forces Between Molecules
Dispersion Forces
Dipole–Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
8.5 Condensed Phases—Liquids
Vapor Pressure
Boiling Point
Surface Tension
8.6 Polymers
Addition Polymers
Condensation Polymers
copolymers
Physical Properties
Polymers and Additives
8.7 Insight Into: The Invention of New Materials
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
9: Energy and Chemistry
9.1 Insight Into: Energy Use and the World Economy
9.2 Defining Energy
Forms of Energy
Heat and Work
Energy Units
9.3 Energy Transformation and Conservation of Energy
Waste Energy
9.4 Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
Calorimetry
9.5 Enthalpy
Defining Enthalpy
DH of Phase Changes
Vaporization and Electricity Production
Heat of Reaction
Bonds and Energy
Heats of Reaction for Some Specific Reactions
9.6 Hess’s Law and Heats of Reaction
Hess’s Law
Formation Reactions and Hess’s Law
9.7 Energy and Stoichiometry
Energy Density and Fuels
9.8 Insight Into: Batteries
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
10: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
10.1 Insight Into: Recycling of Plastics
10.2 Spontaneity
Nature’s Arrow
Spontaneous Processes
Enthalpy and Spontaneity
10.3 Entropy
Probability and Spontaneous Change
Definition of Entropy
Judging Entropy Changes in Processes
10.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law
Implications and Applications
10.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
10.6 Gibbs Free Energy
Free Energy and Spontaneous Change
Free Energy and Work
10.7 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
Implications of DG° for a Reaction
10.8 Insight Into: The Economics of Recycling
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
11: Chemical Kinetics
11.1 Insight Into: Ozone Depletion
11.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
Concept of Rate and Rates of Reaction
Stoichiometry and Rate
Average Rate and Instantaneous Rate
11.3 Rate Laws and the Concentration Dependence of Rates
The Rate Law
Determination of the Rate Law
11.4 Integrated Rate Laws
Zero-Order Integrated Rate Law
First-Order Integrated Rate Law
Second-Order Integrated Rate Law
Half-Life
11.5 Temperature and Kinetics
Temperature Effects and Molecules That React
Arrhenius Behavior
11.6 Reaction Mechanisms
Elementary Steps and Reaction Mechanisms
Mechanisms and Rate: The Rate-Determining Step
11.7 Catalysis
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts
Molecular Perspective of Catalysis
Catalysis and Process Engineering
11.8 Insight Into: Tropospheric Ozone
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
12: Chemical Equilibrium
12.1 Insight Into: Concrete Production and Weathering
12.2 Chemical Equilibrium
Forward and Reverse Reactions
Mathematical Relationships
12.3 Equilibrium Constants
The Equilibrium (Mass Action) Expression
Gas Phase Equilibria: Kp vs. Kc
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria
Numerical Importance of the Equilibrium Expression
Mathematical Manipulation of Equilibrium Constants
Reversing the Chemical Equation
Adjusting the Stoichiometry of the Chemical Reaction
Equilibrium Constants for a Series of Reactions
Units and the Equilibrium Constant
12.4 Equilibrium Concentrations
Equilibrium Concentrations from Initial Concentrations
Mathematical Techniques for Equilibrium Calculations
12.5 LeChatelier’s Principle
Effect of a Change in Concentration of Reactant or Product on Equilibrium
Effect of a Change in Pressure on Equilibrium When Gases Are Present
Effect of a Change in Temperature on Equilibrium
Effect of a Catalyst on Equilibrium
12.6 Solubility Equilibria
Solubility Product Constant
Defining the Solubility Product Constant
The Relationship Between Ksp and Molar Solubility
Common Ion Effect
Reliability of Using Molar Concentrations
12.7 Acids and Bases
The Brønsted–Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
The Role of Water in the Brønsted–Lowry Theory
Weak Acids and Bases
12.8 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
Graphical Perspective
Free Energy and Nonstandard Conditions
12.9 Insight Into: Borates and Boric Acid
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
13: Electrochemistry
13.1 Insight Into: Corrosion
13.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Galvanic Cells
Oxidation–Reduction and Half-Reactions
Building a Galvanic Cell
Terminology for Galvanic Cells
Atomic Perspective on Galvanic Cells
Galvanic Corrosion and Uniform Corrosion
13.3 Cell Potentials
Measuring Cell Potential
Standard Reduction Potentials
Nonstandard Conditions
13.4 Cell Potentials and Equilibrium
Cell Potentials and Free Energy
Equilibrium Constants
13.5 Batteries
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Fuel Cells
Limitations of Batteries
13.6 Electrolysis
Electrolysis and Polarity
Passive Electrolysis in Refining Aluminum
Active Electrolysis and Electroplating
13.7 Electrolysis and Stoichiometry
Current and Charge
Calculations Using Masses of Substances in Electrolysis
13.8 Insight Into: Corrosion Prevention
Coatings
Cathodic Protection
Preventing Corrosion in Space
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
14: Nuclear Chemistry
14.1 Insight Into: Cosmic Rays and Carbon Dating
14.2 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
Radioactive Decay
Alpha Decay
Beta Decay
Gamma Decay
Electron Capture
Positron Emission
14.3 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
Radiocarbon Dating
14.4 Nuclear Stability
14.5 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
Binding Energy
Magic Numbers and Nuclear Shells
14.6 Transmutation, Fission, and Fusion
Transmutation: Changing One Nucleus into Another
Fission
Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Waste
Fusion
14.7 The Interaction of Radiation and Matter
Ionizing and Penetrating Power of Radiation
Methods of Detecting Radiation
Measuring Radiation Dose
14.8 Insight Into: Modern Medical Imaging Methods
Focus On Problem Solving
Summary
Key Terms
Problems And Exercises
Appendixes
A: International Table Of Atomic Weights
B: Physical Constants
C: Electron Configurations Of Atoms In The Ground State
D: Specific Heats And Heat Capacities Of Some Common Substances
E: Selected Thermodynamic Data At 298.15 K
F: Ionization Constants Of Weak Acids At 25°C
G: Ionization Constants Of Weak Bases At 25°C
H: Solubility Product Constants Of Some Inorganic Compounds At 25°C
I: Standard Reduction Potentials In Aqueous Solution At 25°C
J: Answers To Check Your Understanding Exercises
K: Answers To Odd-Numbered End-Of-Chapter Exercises
Glossary
Index
Chemistry for Engineering Students
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Chemistry for Engineering StudentsLawrence S. BrownTexas A&M UniversityThomas A. HolmeIowa State UniversityAustralia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United StatesSECOND EDITION
© 2011, 2006 Brooks/Cole, Cengage LearningALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Library of Congress Control Number: 2009935278Student Edition:ISBN-13: 978-1-4390-4791-0ISBN-10: 1-4390-4791-XBrooks/Cole20 Davis DriveBelmont, CA 94002-3098USACengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at www.cengage.com/global.Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.To learn more about Brooks/Cole, visit www.cengage.com/brookscolePurchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com.Chemistry for Engineering Students, Second EditionLawrence S. Brown, Thomas A. HolmePublisher: Mary FinchAcquisitions Editor: Charles HartfordDevelopmental Editor: Rebecca HeiderAssistant Editor: Ashley SummersEditorial Assistant: Jon OlafssonSenior Media Editor: Lisa WeberMarketing Manager: Nicole HammMarketing Assistant: Kevin CarrollMarketing Communications Manager: Linda YipContent Project Manager: Teresa L. TregoCreative Director: Rob HugelArt Director: John WalkerPrint Buyer: Judy InouyeRights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text: Timothy SislerRights Acquisitions Account Manager, Image: Don SchlotmanProduction Service: Pre-Press PMGText Designer: tani hasegawa Photo Researcher: Kelly FranzOWL Producers: Stephen Battisti, Cindy Stein, and David Hart in the Center for Educational Software Development at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Cow Town ProductionsCopy Editor: James CorrickIllustrator: Pre-Press PMGCover Designer: tani hasegawaCover Image: Frame Cover Image by Greg Neumaier, Frame Courtesy of Delta 7: Delta 7 has manufactured the fi rst high performance lightweight mountain bike frame featuring the patented IsoTruss carbon fi ber and Kevlar spider web-like open lattice tube design. The high perfor-mance hardtail bike frame is handcrafted in the United States and weighs only 2.74 pounds. The Arantix is an extreme hardtail mountain bike with an unparal-leled strength-to-weight ratio resulting in an ultra stiff and responsive bike. Inset graphene molecule: Jannik MeyerCompositor: Pre-Press PMGFor product information and technology assistance, contact us atCengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.For permission to use material from this text or product,submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com.Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
About the AuthorsLarry Brown is a Senior Lecturer and coordinator for the General Chemistry for Engineering Students course at Texas A&M University. He received his B.S. in 1981 from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and his M.A. in 1983 and Ph.D. in 1986 from Princeton University. During his graduate studies, Larry spent a year working in what was then West Germany. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Chicago from 1986 until 1988, at which time he began his faculty career at Texas A&M. Over the years, he has taught more than 10,000 general chemistry students, most of them engineering majors. Larry’s excellence in teaching has been recognized by awards from the Association of Former Students at Texas A&M at both the College of Science and University levels. A version of his class has been broadcast on KAMU-TV, College Station’s PBS affi liate. From 2001 to 2004, Larry served as a Program Offi cer for Education and Interdisciplinary Research in the Physics Division of the National Science Foundation. He also coordinates chemistry courses for Texas A&M’s engineering program in Doha, Qatar. When not teaching chemistry, he enjoys road bicycling and coaching his daughter Stephanie’s soccer team.Tom Holme is a Professor of Chemistry at Iowa State University and Director of the ACS Examinations Institute. He received his B.S. in 1983 from Loras College, and his Ph.D. in 1987 from Rice University. He began his teaching career as a Fulbright Scholar in Zambia, Africa and has also lived in Jerusalem, Israel and Suwon, South Korea. His research interests lie in computational chemistry, particularly as applied to understanding processes important for plant growth. He is also active chemical education research and has been involved with the general chemistry for engineers course at both Iowa State University and at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee where he was a member of the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department. He has received several grants from the National Science Foundation for work in assessment methods for chemistry, and the “Focus on Problem Solving” feature in this textbook grew out of one of these projects. He served as an Associate Editor on the encyclopedia “Chemistry Foundations and Applications.” In 1999 Tom won the ACS’s Helen Free Award for Public Outreach for his efforts doing chemical demonstrations on live television in the Milwaukee area.v
viBrief Contents 1 Introduction to Chemistry 1OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Aluminum 2CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Material Selection and Bicycle Frames 24 2 Atoms and Molecules 30OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Polymers 31CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Polyethylene 56 3 Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 64OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Explosions 65CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Explosives and Green Chemistry 91 4 Stoichiometry 99OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Gasoline and Other Fuels 100CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Alternative Fuels and Fuel Additives 117 5 Gases 125OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Air Pollution 126CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Gas Sensors 148 6 The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure 158OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Incandescent and Fluorescent Lights 159CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers 192 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 200OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Materials for Biomedical Engineering 201CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Molecular Scale Engineering for Drug Delivery 234 8 Molecules and Materials 240OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Carbon 241CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: The Invention of New Materials 272 9 Energy and Chemistry 280OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Energy Use and the World Economy 281CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Batteries 308
10 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 318OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Recycling of Plastics 319CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: The Economics of Recycling 335 11 Chemical Kinetics 347OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Ozone Depletion 348CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Tropospheric Ozone 379 12 Chemical Equilibrium 391OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Concrete Production and Weathering 392CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Borates and Boric Acid 427 13 Electrochemistry 436OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Corrosion 437CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Corrosion Prevention 465 14 Nuclear Chemistry 474OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Cosmic Rays and Carbon Dating 475CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Modern Medical Imaging Methods 498 AppendixesA International Table of Atomic Weights 507B Physical Constants 509C Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State 510D Specific Heats and Heat Capacities of Some Common Substances 511E Selected Thermodynamic Data at 298.15 K 512F Ionization Constants of Weak Acids at 25°C 518G Ionization Constants of Weak Bases at 25°C 520H Solubility Product Constants of Some Inorganic Compounds at 25°C 521I Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C 523J Answers to Check Your Understanding Exercises 526K Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises 529 Brief Contents vii
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