CMOS Imagers：From Phototransduction to Image Processing(Kluwer) ....pdf

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front-matter.pdf

1 Fundamentals of Silicon-Based Phototransduction.pdf

2 CMOS APS MTF Modeling.pdf

3 Photoresponse Analysis and Pixel Shape Optimization for CMOS APS.pdf

4 Active Pixel Sensor Design：From Pixels to Systems.pdf

5 Focal-Plane Analog Image Processing.pdf

6 CMOS Imager Non-Uniformity Correction Using Floating-Gate Adaptation.pdf

back-matter.pdf

CMOS IMAGERS

CMOS Imagers From Phototransduction to Image Processing Edited by Orly Yadid-Pecht Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel and Ralph Etienne-Cummings Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: Print ISBN: 1-4020-7962-1 1-4020-7961-3 ©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com http://www.springeronline.com

Dedication To our loved ones.

Contents Dedication Contributing Authors Preface Introduction 1. Fundamentals of Silicon-Based Phototransduction HONGHAO JI AND PAMELA A. ABSHIRE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Introduction Background physics of light sensing Silicon-based photodetectors Semiconductor image sensors Information rate Summary 2. CMOS APS MTF Modeling IGOR SHCHERBACK AND ORLY YADID-PECHT 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Introduction Experimental details Physical analysis The unified model description Results and discussion Summary v ix xi xiii 1 2 8 31 39 49 53 62 63 67 68 72

viii CMOS Imagers: From Phototransduction to Image Processing 3. Photoresponse Analysis and Pixel Shape Optimization for CMOS APS IGOR SHCHERBACK AND ORLY YADID-PECHT 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Introduction Photoresponse model Comparison with experimental results CMOS APS pixel photoresponse prediction for scalable CMOS technologies 3.5 Summary 4. Active Pixel Sensor Design: From Pixels to Systems ALEXANDER FISH AND ORLY YADID-PECHT 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction CMOS image sensors APS system-on-a-chip approach Summary 5. Focal-Plane Analog Image Processing MATTHEW A. CLAPP, VIKTOR GRUEV, AND RALPH ETIENNE-CUMMINGS 5.1 5.2 Introduction Current-domain image processing: 5.3 5.4 the general image processor Voltage-domain image processing: the temporal difference imager Mixed-mode image processing: the centroid-tracking imager 5.5 Conclusions 6. CMOS Imager Non-Uniformity Correction Using Floating-Gate Adaptation MARC COHEN AND GERT CAUWENBERGHS 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Introduction Adaptive non-uniformity correction Canceling gain non-uniformity Intensity equalization Focal plane VLSI implementation VLSI system architecture Experimental results Discussion Conclusions Appendix: List of Symbols Index 75 80 85 88 96 99 102 113 136 141 143 161 170 199 203 205 207 208 210 213 213 215 219 223 232

Contributing Authors Pamela A. Abshire University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Gert Cauwenberghs Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Matthew A. Clapp Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Marc Cohen University of Maryland College, Park, MD, USA Ralph Etienne-Cummings Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Alexander Fish Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel Viktor Gruev Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Honghao Ji University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Igor Shcherback Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel Orly Yadid-Pecht Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Preface The idea of writing a book on CMOS imaging has been brewing for several years. It was placed on a fast track after we agreed to organize a tutorial on CMOS sensors for the 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2004). This tutorial defined the structure of the book, but as first time authors/editors, we had a lot to learn about the logistics of putting together information from multiple sources. Needless to say, it was a long road between the tutorial and the book, and it took more than a few months to complete. We hope that you will find our journey worthwhile and the collated information useful. The laboratories of the authors are located at many universities distributed around the world. Their unifying theme, however, is the advancement of knowledge for the development of systems for CMOS imaging and image processing. We hope that this book will highlight the ideas that have been pioneered by the authors, while providing a roadmap for new practitioners in this field to exploit exciting opportunities to integrate imaging and “smartness” on a single VLSI chip. The potential of these smart imaging systems is still unfulfilled. Hence, there is still plenty of research and development to be done. We wish to thank our co-authors, students, administrative assistants, and laboratory co-workers for their excitement and enthusiasm for being involved in this project. Specifically, we would like to thank Alex Belenky, Rachel Mahluf-Zilberberg, and Ruslan Sergienko from the VLSI Systems Center at Ben-Gurion University. We also would like to thank our mentors, Eric Fossum, Jan van der Spiegel, Albert Theuwissen, Mohammed Ismail, Dan McGrath, Eby

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