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Remote sensing of urban and suburban areas.pdf

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    Remote Sensing of Urban and Suburban Areas
    Acknowledgments
    Contents
    Contributors
    Part I Theoretical Aspects
    Chapter 2: The Structure and Form of Urban Settlements
    2.1 Urban Structure and Urban Growth: An Overview of Theories and Methodologies
    2.2 Physical Manifestations of Urban Growth: Suburbanization and Sprawl
    2.2.1 Defining Sprawl Through Form
    2.2.2 Defining Sprawl Through Land Use
    2.3 The SCATTER Project
    2.3.1 Qualitative Analysis of Urban Sprawl in Europe
    2.3.2 Statistical Indicators to Identify and Quantify Urban Sprawl
    2.4 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 3: Defining Urban Areas
    3.1 What Is Urban?
    3.2 Urban–Rural Is Not Really a Dichotomy
    3.3 Remotely-Sensed Data as Proxies for the Built Environment
    3.3.1 What Spatial Unit of Analysis Should Be Used?
    3.3.2 What Variables Should Be Used to Define Urbanness?
    3.3.3 How Will the Variables Be Measured?
    3.4 Using the Urban Index as a Predictor Variable
    References
    Chapter 4: The Spectral Dimension in Urban Remote Sensing
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Urban Surfaces
    4.3 Urban Materials Versus Land Cover Types
    4.4 Spectral Separability of Urban Land Cover Types
    4.5 Most Suitable Wavelengths in Mapping Urban Land Cover
    4.6 Effects of Spectral Resolution on Urban Land Cover Mapping
    4.7 Effects of Spatial Resolution and Three-Dimensional Information
    References
    Chapter 5: The Spatial and Temporal Nature of Urban Objects
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Planning and Management of Urban Development
    5.2.1 A Model of Urban Development and Planning
    5.3 Basic Objects, Attributes, and Planning Level
    5.4 Area-Based and Object-Based Approaches to Urban Data Extraction
    5.5 Data Sources for Urban Applications
    5.5.1 Selection of an Appropriate Resolution
    5.6 The Life Cycle of Planning Processes and Urban Objects
    5.7 Implications for Urban Applications of Remote Sensing
    References
    Chapter 6: The V-I-S Model: Quantifying the Urban Environment
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 The V-I-S Model
    6.2.1 Relationship to Urban Spatial Models
    6.2.2 Time and Change
    6.2.3 The Role of Remote Sensing in Urban Systems
    6.3 The Influence of Resolution on V-I-S Analysis
    6.4 Morphological Application of the V-I-S Model
    6.4.1 SPOT-X Data: Spatial Variation in Urban Communities
    6.4.2 IRS-1C Data: Anatomy of a Metropolis
    6.4.3 Thematic Mapper Data: Multivariate Calibration and Color Display
    6.4.4 Thematic Mapper Data: Radial Transects for Environmental Patterns
    6.4.5 AVIRIS Data: Neural Network Analysis
    6.5 Environmental Process Application of the V-I-S Model
    6.5.1 ATLAS Data: Thermal Emittance per Land Cover Class
    6.5.2 Thematic Mapper/SPOT-P Data: Storm Runoff Prediction
    6.6 Temporal Application of the V-I-S Model
    6.6.1 SPOT-X Data: Pre- and Post-earthquake Analysis
    6.6.2 MSS/TM/ETM+ Data: Urban Growth, Expert System Analysis
    References
    Part II Techniques and Applications
    Chapter 7: A Survey of the Evolution of Remote Sensing Imaging Systems and Urban Remote Sensing Applications
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Evolution of Remote Sensing Systems
    7.2.1 Spatial Resolution
    7.2.2 Radiometric Resolution
    7.2.3 Spectral Resolution
    7.2.4 Temporal Resolution
    7.3 Evolution of Urban Remote Sensing and a Gallery of Applications
    7.3.1 Early Urban Remote Sensing (1950–1970)
    7.3.2 Recent Urban Remote Sensing (1971 to Present)
    7.3.2.1 Land Cover and Land Use, Urban Structure, and Change Analyses
    7.3.2.2 Urban Population Studies
    7.3.2.3 Social Science Applications
    References
    Chapter 8: Classification of Urban Areas: Inferring Land Use from the Interpretation of Land Cover
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Urban Image Classification
    8.2.1 Urban Land Use from Land Cover
    8.2.2 Spectral Classifications
    8.2.3 Spatial Classifications
    8.3 Modified Maximum Likelihood Classification
    8.4 Nearest Neighbor Spatial Pattern Recognition
    8.5 Concluding Thoughts Regarding Classifications
    References
    Chapter 9: Processing Techniques for Hyperspectral Data
    9.1 Introduction: Hyperspectral Data and Urban Remote Sensing
    9.2 Pre-processing
    9.2.1 Radiometric Correction
    9.2.2 Geometric Correction
    9.3 Spectral Libraries
    9.4 Analysis Techniques
    9.4.1 Data Optimization
    9.4.2 Classification and Material Detection
    9.4.3 Analysis Focusing on Mixed Pixels
    9.5 Future Developments
    References
    Chapter 10: Segmentation and Object-Based Image Analysis
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Image Segmentation
    10.2.1 Limitations of Pixel-Based Classification Techniques
    10.2.2 Reasons for Object-Based Classification
    10.2.3 Principles and Realization
    10.3 Object-Based Classification
    10.3.1 Object Features
    10.3.2 Classification
    10.3.3 Post Processing
    10.3.4 Accuracy Assessment
    10.4 Case Studies
    10.4.1 Detecting Urban Features from IKONOS Data Using Methods of Object Oriented Image Analysis (Hofmann 2001)
    10.4.2 Analysis of Urban Structure and Development. Applying Procedures for Automatic Mapping of Large-Area Data (De Kok
    References
    Chapter 11: Data Fusion in Remote Sensing of Urban and Suburban Areas
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Advanced Mathematical Tools for Data Fusion
    11.2.1 Wavelet Transform (WT)
    11.2.2 Multi-resolution Analysis (MRA)
    11.3 Encrustation of Higher Spatial Resolution Quickbird Image in Low Resolution Image
    11.3.1 Benefits of Encrustation
    11.3.2 Methods
    11.3.3 Illustration Example
    11.4 The ARSIS Concept for Fusion of Images in Urban Areas
    11.4.1 Introduction
    11.4.2 Synthetic Merging Methods
    11.4.3 Illustration Example
    11.5 Fusion of Images, Databases and Punctual Measurements for Air Quality
    11.5.1 Introduction
    11.5.2 Methods
    11.5.3 Illustrated Example
    References
    Chapter 12: Characterization and Monitoring of Urban/Peri-urban Ecological Function and Landscape Structure Using Satellite Dat
    12.1 Introduction
    12.1.1 Why Study Cities?
    12.1.2 Remote Sensing and Urban Analysis
    12.2 Analytical Methods and Techniques
    12.2.1 Study Area
    12.2.2 ASTER and MODIS Image Processing
    12.2.3 Land Cover Classification of ASTER Data
    12.2.4 Landscape Metric Calculation and Grid Construction
    12.3 Results and Discussion
    References
    Chapter 13: Remote Sensing of Desert Cities in Developing Countries
    13.1 Urban Areas in Desert Environment
    13.1.1 Status and Extent of Desertification
    13.1.2 Urban Areas in Africa
    13.1.3 Urban Areas in West Asia
    13.2 GIS and RS in Desert Cities
    13.2.1 A General Framework for Mapping Desertification Hazards
    13.2.2 Fusion of Optical and Radar Imagery
    13.2.3 Surface Temperature Estimation
    13.2.4 Green Belt Implementation
    13.2.5 GIS Implementation at Municipalities
    13.2.6 Other Urban Application Examples
    13.3 Urban Areas Monitoring and Modeling
    13.3.1 Land Use Change Detection
    13.3.2 Land Use Change Analysis and Modeling
    13.4 Case Studies
    13.4.1 Adopted Methodology
    13.4.2 The Case Study of Morocco
    13.4.3 The Case Study of Saudi Arabia
    References
    Chapter 14: Remote Sensing of Urban Environmental Conditions
    14.1 Introduction
    14.2 Urban Physical Environment
    14.2.1 Importance of Urban Vegetation
    14.2.2 Urban Microclimates
    14.2.3 Public Health Issues
    14.3 Urban Vegetation Mapping
    14.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
    14.3.2 Spectral Mixture Analysis
    14.4 Urban Thermal Mapping
    14.4.1 Principles of Thermal Radiation
    14.4.2 Retrieval of Thermal Data from Satellite Imagery
    14.4.3 Urban Heat Island
    14.4.4 Relations Between Satellite Thermal Measurements and In Situ Air Temperatures Observations
    14.5 Comparison of Environmental Conditions in New York City and Kuwait City
    References
    Chapter 15: Remote Sensing of Urban Land Use Change in Developing Countries: An Example from Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
    15.1 Introduction
    15.2 Rural–Urban Land Use Changes
    15.3 Urbanization in Developing Countries
    15.4 Example: Analysis of Urban Growth in Istanbul, Turkey, Using Multitemporal Satellite Data
    15.4.1 Study Area
    15.4.2 Data and Methods
    15.5 Results and Discussion
    15.6 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 16: Using Satellite Images in Policing Urban Environments
    16.1 Introduction
    16.2 Spatial Analysis of Crime
    16.2.1 Data Versus Information in Community Policing
    16.2.2 Crime Mapping
    16.3 Application Examples
    16.4 Dubai Police Practice1
    16.4.1 Image Processing of IKONOS Data of Dubai
    16.4.2 Crime Hotspot Analysis
    16.4.3 Automated Vehicle Location (AVL)
    References
    Chapter 17: Using DMSP OLS Imagery to Characterize Urban Populations in Developed and Developing Countries
    17.1 Introduction
    17.2 Overview of the Nighttime Satellite Image Data Products
    17.3 Summary of Several Applications of the Nighttime Imagery
    17.4 Case Studies
    17.4.1 Case Study#1 (Developed Country): Mapping Exurbia in the Conterminous United States
    17.4.2 Case Study #2 (Developing Country): Exploring the Use of Nighttime Imagery in Guatemala
    References
    Index
    Remote Sensing of Urban and Suburban Areas
    Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing VOLUME 10 Series Editor: Freek D. van der Meer Department of Earth Systems Analysis International Instituite for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) Enchede, The Netherlands & Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University The Netherlands Editorial Advisory Board: Michael Abrams NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA, U.S.A. Paul Curran University of Bournemouth, U.K. Arnold Dekker CSIRO, Land and Water Division Canberra, Australia Steven M. de Jong Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University, The Netherlands Michael Schaepman Department of Geography University of Zurich, Switzerland EARSel Series Editor: André Marçal Department of Applied Mathematics Faculty of Sciences University of Porto Porto, Portugal EARSel Editorial Advisory Board: Mario A. Gomarasca CNR - IREA Milan, Italy Martti Hallikainen Helsinki University of Technology Finland Håkan Olsson Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Sweden Eberhard Parlow University of Basel Switzerland Rainer Reuter University of Oldenburg Germany For other titles published in this series, go to http://www.springer.com/series/6477
    Remote Sensing of Urban and Suburban Areas Tarek Rashed Geospatial Applied Research Expert House (GSAREH), Austin, TX, USA and Carsten Jürgens Geography Department, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany Editors
    Editors Dr. Tarek Rashed Geospatial Applied Research Expert House (GSAREH) Austin, TX USA rashed@gsareh.com Dr. Carsten Jürgens Ruhr-University Geography Department Geomatics Group Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany carsten.jürgens@rub.de Cover illustrations: Landsat satellite image of San Francisco, CA, USA, combined with photograph taken by Maike Reichardt. Responsible Series Editor: Freek van der Meer ISBN 978-1-4020-4371-0 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-4385-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York e-ISBN 978-1-4020-4385-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2010929276 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
    Acknowledgments The preparation of this volume was possible due to the fact that all authors supported the original idea behind this book. We thank all authors for their contri- butions and their patience. The publication process did not run smoothly in all stages and we apologize for the resulting time delay. We also thank all reviewers whose valuable comments improved the content of the different chapters. Finally we thank the Springer team for their continuous support and discussions from the beginning to the end of this book project and for the publication in their book series. We are convinced that with the publication of this book we are making an essen- tial contribution to the knowledge about the different aspects of urban and suburban remote sensing. v
    Contents 1 Urban and Suburban Areas as a Research Topic for Remote Sensing ................................................................................. 1 Maik Netzband and Carsten Jürgens Part I Theoretical Aspects 2 The Structure and Form of Urban Settlements ................................... 13 Elena Besussi, Nancy Chin, Michael Batty, and Paul Longley 3 Defining Urban Areas ............................................................................. 33 John R. Weeks 4 The Spectral Dimension in Urban Remote Sensing ............................. 47 Martin Herold and Dar A. Roberts 5 The Spatial and Temporal Nature of Urban Objects .......................... 67 Richard Sliuzas, Monika Kuffer, and Ian Masser 6 The V-I-S Model: Quantifying the Urban Environment ..................... 85 Renee M. Gluch and Merrill K. Ridd Part II Techniques and Applications 7 A Survey of the Evolution of Remote Sensing Imaging Systems and Urban Remote Sensing Applications............................... 119 Debbie Fugate, Elena Tarnavsky, and Douglas Stow 8 Classification of Urban Areas: Inferring Land Use from the Interpretation of Land Cover ................................................. 141 Victor Mesev vii
    viii Contents 9 Processing Techniques for Hyperspectral Data.................................... 165 Patrick Hostert 10 Segmentation and Object-Based Image Analysis ................................. 181 Elisabeth Schöpfer, Stefan Lang, and Josef Strobl 11 Data Fusion in Remote Sensing of Urban and Suburban Areas ............................................................................... 193 Thierry Ranchin and Lucien Wald 12 Characterization and Monitoring of Urban/Peri-urban Ecological Function and Landscape Structure Using Satellite Data ............................................................................................ 219 William L. Stefanov and Maik Netzband 13 Remote Sensing of Desert Cities in Developing Countries .................. 245 Mohamed Ait Belaid 14 Remote Sensing of Urban Environmental Conditions ......................... 267 Andy Kwarteng and Christopher Small 15 Remote Sensing of Urban Land Use Change in Developing Countries: An Example from Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey ...................................................................................... 289 Derya Maktav and Filiz Sunar Erbek 16 Using Satellite Images in Policing Urban Environments ..................... 313 Meshgan Mohammad Al-Awar and Farouk El-Baz 17 Using DMSP OLS Imagery to Characterize Urban Populations in Developed and Developing Countries .......................... 329 Paul C. Sutton, Matthew J. Taylor, and Christopher D. Elvidge Index ................................................................................................................. 349
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