2008-2009 年天津财经大学国际贸易学考研真题 2008 一、英文国际贸易文献（节选）翻译（英译中）（30 分） Globalization,Regionalization and the development Challenge Developing countries seek to integrate into the world economy in the expecation that this will help raise productivity levels,improve growth prospects and boost living standards through increased trade, technology and capital flows. Most observers recognize, however; that deriving such benefits from"external integratior"is contingent on a number of preconditions, including a certain level of local production capacity,sklls and technological sophistication, an array of market supporting institutions and good infrastructure.Establishing such conditions is closely tied to a process of"inernal integratior"associatei with expanding domestic markets,a shifting pattern of employment away from rural activities,ard an increasing industrial division of labour that leads to a dense network of input-output linkages between sectors. Strong institutions are also required to forge the socio-political consensus needed to mobilize and channel resources to productive investment and to manage trade-offs incured along a dynamic development path,including those arising from increased extermal integration.Accordingly,encompassing political structures, closely associated-but not synonymous - with democratic goverance,make up the final component of most development strategies. Each of these components poses major policy challenges in is own right,and finding the right blend to create a virtuous development circle is a defining challenge of development strategy.However,it may not be pssible to push hard on all three fronts simultaneously. In recent years,promoting"deeper integration"has dominated the development agenda, requiring poorer countries to ster economic policies towards integration into world markets and to harmonize their economic institutions,laws 

and regulations around a narrow but universal set of benchmarks on strong property righs, open markets and good goverance. Following this path has been presented as the best(and on some counts the only)way t ensure that the incentives and resources generated by global markets will support and sustain growth and development at the local level. However,as discussed at some length in previous Trade andDevelopmen Reporis(TDRs), past cxperience does not support the claim thiat strong market-.led growth and development will be unleashed simply by eliminating inflation,downsizing the public sector,strengthening property rights and opening up as rapidly as possible to foreign trade and capital.1 Last year's TDR examined how the loss of policy space has made it more dficult for developing coutries to reduce the income gap with developed countries. It concluded that external influences on national policy targets have become stronger and the trade-offs between intemal and external objectives have intensified,in many cases to the detriment of local development goals.I suggested that mulilateral structures needed to be more inchusive and flexible if 7 gains from closer integration into the world economy were to be more widely shared It also suggested that new multilateral disciplines would be necessary, particularly in the arca of international finance, if more balanced outcomes were to be achieved. However,mutilateral arrangements are not the only option for fashioning collective and coordinated responses to the challenges confronting developing countries in an increasingly interdependent world economy.Indeed,folowing the failure of the international financial instituions to manage the financial shocks and crises towards te end of te 1990s,and given the slow progress of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations,regional arrangements have assumed a more prominent place on the international development agenda.Accordingly, this TDR looks a whether and how regional integration and cooperation might helpstrengthen the development policy agenda and rebalance international economic governance. 二、国际贸易理论与政策论述题（70 分） 1.试述列昂惕夫之谜后的国际贸易理论的新发展。 

2.试述 WTO 多边贸易规则的构成体系及其遵从的核心原则 三、国际贸易实务论述题（选其中一题）（50 分） 1.以 CIF 成交，信用证支付为例，试述出口贸易合同的履行程序及注意的问题。 2.基于 FOB、CFR 和 CIF，阐述国际贸易术语的构成和作用 2009 一、英文国际贸易文献（节选）翻译（英译中）（30 分） PUBLIC ATITUDES TO GLOBALzATION Global integation in product, capital and labour markets has resulted inamore effcient allocation of economic resources over time. The outcome of integration is greater levels of current output and prospects of higher future output. Consumers have a wider choice of products and services at lower prices. Capital can flow to countries which need it the most for economic growth and development. To the extent that technology is embodied in capital goods or is closely linked to FDI flows,openness further improves theogrowh prospects of developing countries. Allowing workers to move across national borders can lleviate skill shortages in receiving countries or improve dependency rtios in rapidly ageing societies while alleviating unemployment or under-employment in countries providing these workers. Remittances fom overseas workers or emigrants can represent a substantial share of national income for these countries. These benefits are sufficiently tangible and large enough for internationl surveys of publie attitudes to suggest broad support for globalization. A majority of respondents recognize that trade benefis consumers by offering hem a broader range ofchoice and lower prices and that trnde creates market acces opportunities for domestie fims.But this i not to deny that there is also alot ofdisquiet about the challnges that come with gobalization. Since 2002,the Pew Global Atitudes Projet has conducted a series of wordwide public opinion surveys encompassing a broad aray ofsubjecs, including atitudes towards tnade. Is ltest gobal survey in 2007(Pew,2007) was perhaps he most ambitious,covering 47 countries and more than 45000 interviews. The countries 

surveyed included: the major industrial countries, such as the United States, Japan and Germany; emerging economies suchs Brazil, China,India and Russia; and least-developed countries,such as Ethiopia and Mali.Pew found that in all 47 nations surveyed,large majorities believed that intemational trade was benefiting their countries. But acompanying this belief was a fear about th disruptions and downsides of participating in the global economy.Pecople were conceme about inequality, threats to their culture, threats to the environment and threats posed b immigration One interesting conclusion from the survey was that there is apparently stronger suppo for trade in some emerging economies than in industrial countries. Support for globalizatio appeared to be waning in the industrialized countries even though amajorty ofthe publiesti supported it. For example,78 per cent of Americans surveyed in 2002 said that tade wa good for their country.In 2007,this was down to 59 per cent. Sharp falls in public suppo were also seen in laly,France and even the United Kingdom.In contrast, there was nea univesal approval of trade in China and India. Ninety-one per cent of those surveyed i China expressed approval of trade.In India,a ncarly similar proportion (89 per cent) believe that trade was good for the country. For policymakers who embrace more open markets,there is much to take heart in thes results. But rising public concemn about some aspects of globalization should also cause then to ponder. For those who believe that the gains from global integration outweigh its costs,i would not be wise to leave these concerns unattended. Pertaps the answer lies in a balanc between open markets and complementary policies,along with international initiatives tha manage better the risks arising from globaliztion. 二、国际贸易理论与政策论述题（70 分） 1.阐述国际贸易理论的发展过程及其代表性学说。 2.试述一国促进出口的贸易政策工具及其作用机制 三、国际贸易实务论述题（选其中一题）（50 分） 1.试述出口贸易的一般程序，并说明在全球金融危机背景下出口贸易过程中可能的风险及防 范措施。 

2．根据世界银行《全球贸易融资服务计划》（Global Trade Finance Program，GTFP.）对 贸易融资的定义（即银行对进口商或出口商提供的与进出口贸易结算相关的短期融资或信用 便利），阐述贸易融资的方式及其对促进出口的作用。