Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
Wireless Power
Transfer via
Radiowaves
Naoki Shinohara
Series Editor
Pierre-Noël Favennec
First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
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© ISTE Ltd 2014
The rights of Naoki Shinohara to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013952542
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-605-1
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd., Croydon, Surrey CR0 4YY
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
Chapter 1. History, Present and Future of WPT . .
1.1. Theoretical predictions and the first
trial in the 19th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2. Rejuvenated WPT by microwaves
in the 1960s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3. Inductive coupling WPT projects
in the 20th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4. WPT as a game-changing technology
in the 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 2. Theory of WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. Theoretical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. Beam efficiency and coupling efficiency . . . . . . .
2.2.1. Beam efficiency of radiowaves . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2. Theoretical increase of beam efficiency . . . . .
2.2.3. Coupling efficiency at very close
coupling distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. Beam forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1. Beam-forming theory for the phased
array and its error. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2. Target detecting via radiowaves. . . . . . . . . .
2.4. Beam receiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
3
10
12
21
21
22
22
26
31
33
33
42
47
vi Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
Chapter 3. Technologies of WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. Radio frequency (RF) generation – HPA using
semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. RF generation – microwave tubes . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1. Magnetrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2. Traveling wave tube/traveling wave
tube amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3. Klystron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
53
56
62
63
78
80
3.4 Beam-forming and target-detecting
81
technologies with phased array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
3.4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
3.4.2. Phased array in the 1990s. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
3.4.3. Phased array in the 2000s. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4. Phased array using magnetrons . . . . . . . . .
98
3.4.5. Retrodirective system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.5. RF rectifier – rectenna and tube type . . . . . . . . 110
3.5.1. General rectifying theory of rectenna . . . . . . 110
3.5.2. Various rectennas I – rectifying circuits . . . . 118
3.5.3. Various rectennas II – higher
frequency and dual bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.5.4. Various rectennas III – weak power
and energy harvester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.5.5. Rectenna array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.5.6. Rectifier using vacuum tube . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Chapter 4. Applications of WPT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.2. Energy harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.3. Sensor network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.4. Ubiquitous power source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.5. MPT in a pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.6. Microwave buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.7. 2D WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.8. Wireless charging for electric vehicles . . . . . . . . 171
4.9. Point-to-point WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177