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Wireless power transfer via radiowaves _Naoki Shinohara.pdf

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Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves Naoki Shinohara Series Editor Pierre-Noël Favennec
First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2014 The rights of Naoki Shinohara to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013952542 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84821-605-1 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd., Croydon, Surrey CR0 4YY
Table of Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Chapter 1. History, Present and Future of WPT . . 1.1. Theoretical predictions and the first trial in the 19th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Rejuvenated WPT by microwaves in the 1960s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3. Inductive coupling WPT projects in the 20th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. WPT as a game-changing technology in the 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2. Theory of WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Theoretical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Beam efficiency and coupling efficiency . . . . . . . 2.2.1. Beam efficiency of radiowaves . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2. Theoretical increase of beam efficiency . . . . . 2.2.3. Coupling efficiency at very close coupling distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Beam forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1. Beam-forming theory for the phased array and its error. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2. Target detecting via radiowaves. . . . . . . . . . 2.4. Beam receiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 10 12 21 21 22 22 26 31 33 33 42 47
vi Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves Chapter 3. Technologies of WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Radio frequency (RF) generation – HPA using semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3. RF generation – microwave tubes . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1. Magnetrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2. Traveling wave tube/traveling wave tube amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3. Klystron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 53 56 62 63 78 80 3.4 Beam-forming and target-detecting 81 technologies with phased array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.4.2. Phased array in the 1990s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.4.3. Phased array in the 2000s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.4. Phased array using magnetrons . . . . . . . . . 98 3.4.5. Retrodirective system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.5. RF rectifier – rectenna and tube type . . . . . . . . 110 3.5.1. General rectifying theory of rectenna . . . . . . 110 3.5.2. Various rectennas I – rectifying circuits . . . . 118 3.5.3. Various rectennas II – higher frequency and dual bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.5.4. Various rectennas III – weak power and energy harvester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.5.5. Rectenna array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3.5.6. Rectifier using vacuum tube . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Chapter 4. Applications of WPT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.2. Energy harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 4.3. Sensor network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 4.4. Ubiquitous power source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 4.5. MPT in a pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 4.6. Microwave buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 4.7. 2D WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.8. Wireless charging for electric vehicles . . . . . . . . 171 4.9. Point-to-point WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
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