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How To Read A Book.pdf
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Preface
Part One – The Dimensions Of Reading [1]
1 The Activity and Art of Reading [3]
Active Reading [4]
The Goals of Reading: Reading for Information and Reading for Understanding [7]
Reading as Learning: The Difference Between Learning by Instruction and Learning by Discovery [11]
Present and Absent Teachers [14]
2 The Levels of Reading [16]
3 The First Level of Reading: Elementary Reading [21]
Stages of Learning to Read [24]
Stages and Levels [26]
Higher Levels of Reading and Higher Education [28]
Reading and the Democratic Ideal of Education [29]
4 The Second Level of Reading: Inspectional Reading [31]
Inspectional Reading I: Systematic Skimming or Pre-reading [32]
1. Look at the title page and, if the book has one, at its preface
2. Study the table of contents
3. Check the index
4. Read the publisher's blurb
5. Look now at the chapters that seem to be pivotal to its argument
6. Turn the pages, dipping in here and there, reading a paragraph or two, sometimes several pages in sequence, never more than that
Inspectional Reading II: Superficial Reading [36]
On Reading Speeds [38]
Fixations and Regressions [40]
The Problem of Comprehension [41]
Summary of Inspectional Reading [43]
5 How to Be a Demanding Reader [45]
The Essence of Active Reading: The Four Basic Questions a Reader Asks [46]
1. What is the book about as a whole?
2. What is being said in detail, and how?
3. Is the book true, in whole or part?
4. What of it?
How to Make a Book Your Own [48]
1. Underlining
2. Vertical lines at the margin
3. Star, asterisk, or other doodad at the margin
4. Numbers in the margin
5. Numbers of other pages in the margin
6. Circling of key words or phrases
7. Writing in the margin, or at the top or bottom of the page
The Three Kinds of Note-making [51]
Structural
Conceptual
Dialectical
Forming the Habit of Reading [52]
From Many Rules to One Habit [54]
Part Two – The Third Level Of Reading: Analytical Reading [57]
6 Pigeonholing a Book [59]
The Importance of Classifying Books [60]
What You Can Learn from the Title of a Book [61]
Practical vs. Theoretical Books [65]
Kinds of Theoretical Books [70]
History
Science
Philosophy
7 X-raying a Book [75]
Of Plots and Plans: Stating the Unity of a Book [78]
Mastering the Multiplicity: The Art of Outlining a Book [83]
The Reciprocal Arts of Reading and Writing [90]
Discovering the Author's Intentions [92]
The First Stage of Analytical Reading [94]
8 Coming to Terms with an Author [96]
Words vs. Terms [96]
Finding the Key Words [100]
Technical Words and Special Vocabularies [103]
Finding the Meanings [106]
9 Determining an Author's Message [114]
Sentences vs. Propositions [117]
Finding the Key Sentences [121]
Finding the Propositions [124]
Finding the Arguments [128]
Finding the Solutions [135]
The Second Stage of Analytical Reading [136]
10 Criticizing a Book Fairly [137]
Teachability as a Virtue [139]
The Role of Rhetoric [140]
The Importance of Suspending Judgment [142]
The Importance of Avoiding Contentiousness [145]
On the Resolution of Disagreements [147]
11 Agreeing or Disagreeing with an Author [152]
Prejudice and Judgment [154]
Judging the Authors Soundness [156]
Uninformed
Misinformed
Illogical
Judging the Authors Completeness [160]
The Third Stage of Analytical Reading [163]
I. The First Stage of Analytical Reading: Rules for Finding What a Book Is About
II. The Second Stage of Analytical Reading: Rules for Interpreting a Book's Contents
III. The Third Stage of Analytical Reading: Rules for Criticizing a Book as a Communication of Knowledge
12 Aids to Reading [168]
The Role of Relevant Experience [169]
Other Books as Extrinsic Aids to Reading [172]
How to Use Commentaries and Abstracts [174]
How to Use Reference Books [176]
How to Use a Dictionary [178]
How to Use an Encyclopedia [182]
Part Three – Approaches To Different Kinds Of Reading Matter [189]
13 How to Read Practical Books [191]
The Two Kinds of Practical Books [193]
The Role of Persuasion [197]
What Does Agreement Entail in the Case of a Practical Book? [199]
14 How to Read Imaginative Literature [203]
How Not to Read Imaginative Literature [204]
General Rules for Reading Imaginative Literature [208]
15 Suggestions for Reading Stories, Plays, and Poems [215]
How to Read Stories [217]
A Note About Epics [222]
How to Read Plays [223]
A Note About Tragedy [226]
How to Read Lyric Poetry [227]
16 How to Read History [234]
The Elusiveness of Historical Facts [235]
Theories of History [237]
The Universal in History [239]
Questions to Ask of a Historical Book [241]
How to Read Biography and Autobiography [244]
How to Read About Current Events [248]
A Note on Digests [252]
17 How to Read Science and Mathematics [255]
Understanding the Scientific Enterprise [256]
Suggestions for Reading Classical Scientific Books [258]
Facing the Problem of Mathematics [260]
Handling the Mathematics in Scientific Books [264]
A Note on Popular Science [267]
18 How to Read Philosophy [270]
The Questions Philosophers Ask [271]
Modern Philosophy and the Great Tradition [276]
On Philosophical Method [277]
On Philosophical Styles [280]
1. The Philosophical Dialogue
2. The Philosophical Treatise or Essay
3. The Meeting of Objections
4. The Systemization of Philosophy
5. The Aphoristic Style
Hints for Reading Philosophy [285]
On Making Up Your Own Mind [290]
A Note on Theology [291]
How to Read "Canonical" Books [293]
19 How to Read Social Science [296]
What Is Social Science? [297]
The Apparent Ease of Reading Social Science [299]
Difficulties of Reading Social Science [301]
Reading Social Science Literature [304]
Part Four – The Ultimate Goals Of Reading [307]
20 The Fourth Level of Reading: Syntopical Reading [309]
The Role of Inspection in Syntopical Reading [313]
The Five Steps in Syntopical Reading [316]
1. Finding the Relevant Passages
2. Bringing the Authors to Terms
3. Getting the Questions Clear
4. Defining the Issues
5. Analyzing the Discussion
The Need for Objectivity [323]
An Example of an Exercise in Syntopical Reading: The Idea of Progress [325]
The Syntopicon and How to Use It [329]
On the Principles That Underlie Syntopical Reading [333]
Summary of Syntopical Reading [335]
I. Surveying the Field Preparatory to Syntopical Reading
II. Syntopical Reading of the Bibliography Amassed in Stage I
21 Reading and the Growth of the Mind [337]
What Good Books Can Do for Us [338]
The Pyramid of Books [341]
The Life and Growth of the Mind [344]
Appendix A. A Recommended Reading List [347]
Appendix B. Exercises and Tests at the Four Levels of Reading [363]
Introductory [363]
I. Exercises and Tests at the First Level of Reading: Elementary Reading [366]
John Stuart Mill 1806–1873
Test A: Questions about the biographical sketch of John Stuart Mill
Sir Isaac Newton 1642–1727
Test B: Questions about the biography of Sir Isaac Newton
II. Exercises and Tests at the Second Level of Reading: Inspectional Reading [377]
Dante Alighieri 1265–1321
Table of Contents of the Divine Comedy
Hell
Purgatory
Paradise
Test C: First series of questions about the Divine Comedy of Dante
Test D: Further questions about Dante's Divine Comedy
Charles Darwin 1809–1882
Table of Contents of the Origin of Species
Test E: Questions about Darwin and about The Origin of Species
Test F: Further questions about Darwin and The Origin of Species
III. Exercises and Tests at the Third Level of Reading: Analytical Reading [402]
IV. Exercises and Tests at the Fourth Level of Reading: Syntopical Reading [405]
From Book I of Aristotle's Politics
From Book I of Rousseau's the Social Contract
Test G: Here Is the First Set of Questions About Aristotle and Rousseau
Test H: Here Is the Second Set of Questions
Answers to Questions [413]
Test A
Test B
Test C
Test D
Test E
Test F
Test G
Test H
Index [421]
Summary
The Four Basic Questions a Reader Asks [46]
1. What is the book about as a whole? [46]
2. What is being said in detail, and how? [47]
3. Is the book true, in whole or part? [47]
4. What of it? [47]
Rules of Reading
Level 1: Elementary Reading [21]
Level 2: Inspectional Reading [31]
Stage 1: Systematic Skimming or Pre-reading [32]
1. Look at the title page and, if the book has one, at its preface [32]
2. Study the table of contents [33]
3. Check the index [34]
4. Read the publisher's blurb [34]
5. Look now at the chapters that seem to be pivotal to its argument [35]
6. Turn the pages, dipping in here and there, reading a paragraph or two, sometimes several pages in sequence, never more than that [35]
Stage 2: Superficial Reading [36]
1. Read through without ever stopping
Level 3: Analytical Reading [163]
Stage 1: Finding What a Book is About [94]
1. Classify the book according to kind and subject matter [60]
2. State what the whole book is about with the utmost brevity [75]
3. Enumerate its major parts in their order and relation, and outline these parts as you have outlined the whole [76]
4. Find out what the author's problems were [92]
Stage 2: Interpreting a Book's Contents [136]
5. Find the important words and through them come to terms with the author [98]
6. Mark the most important sentences in a book and discover the propositions they contain [120]
7. Locate or construct the basic arguments by finding them in the connection of sentences [128]
8. Find out what the author's solutions are [135]
Stage 3: Criticizing a Book as a Communication of Knowledge [164]
A. General Maxims of Intellectual Etiquette [137]
9. Do not begin criticism until you have completed your outline and your interpretation of the book [142]
10. Do not disagree disputatiously or contentiously [145]
11. Demonstrate that you recognize the difference between knowledge and mere personal opinion by presenting good reasons for any critical judgment you make [150]
B. Special Criteria for Points of Criticism [152]
12. Show wherein the author is uninformed [157]
13. Show wherein the author is misinformed [157]
14. Show wherein the author is illogical [158]
15. Show wherein the author's analysis or account is incomplete [161]
Level 4: Syntopical Reading [335]
Stage 1: Surveying the Field Preparatory to Syntopical Reading [335]
1. Create a tentative bibliography of your subject [310]
2. Inspect all of the books on the tentative bibliography to ascertain which are germane to your subject, and also to acquire a clearer idea of the subject [314]
Stage 2: Syntopical Reading of the Bibliography [336]
1. Find the most relevant passages [316]
2. Bring the authors to terms [318]
3. Get the questions clear [319]
4. Define the issues [320]
5. Analyze the discussion [321]
?Hbw to cRçgd a 'Book
t^Mortimer J. Adler & (Charles Van T)oren
THE CLASSIC GUIDE
TO INTELLIGENT READING
COMPLETELY REVISED AND
UPDATED FOR THE 1970 s
that
classic. Widely adopted
throughout
to Read a Book, originally published
How
in
1940, has become
rare phenomenon a
living
the
country at both
the high school and college
levels over the past three decades, it has also
proved
the best and most successful
guide to reading comprehension for the general
reader. Now
rewritten
and updated for the 1970's.
it has been completely
to be
This
is what a few of the critics had to say
about the original edition:
It makes no empty promises, but it shows con
cretely how the serious work of proper reading
may be accomplished and how much
it may
yield in the way of instruction and delight. From
How to Read a Book
I have actually learned how
to read a book.
—Clifton Fadiman, The New Yorker
Written with such verve and vigor as to fill the
reviewer's mind with the vain desire to quote
and quote again . .. a serious and valuable in
vitation to an enrichment of personal life.
—The New York Times
Packed full of high matters which no one solici
tous for the future of American culture can afford
to overlook. —Jacques Barzun, Saturday
Review
immense
In view of this sort of praise and the
and continuing success of the book
in every
sort of edition and many languages, why attempt
to recast and rewrite it for the present genera
lie both
tion of readers? The answers
the
changes
that have taken place
in our society
and in the subject itself. There are new insights
into the problems of learning how to read with
proficiency and comprehension
that could not
in
(Continued
on back
flap)
$ 8 95
(Continued
from
front
flap)
things
to be said
there are
the need
fresh
for acquiring higher
be treated—certainly not adequately—thirty years
ago;
today
about
levels of
skill in the art of reading; and these matters are
so wide-reaching and new that no casual re
vision could accomplish the authors' aims. So
How
to Read a Book has been rewritten very
thoroughly, as can be quickly verified by a c o m
parison of the present Table of Contents with
that of the original version. Of the four parts, only
Part Two, expounding
the rules of Analytical
Reading, closely parallels the content of the first
book, and even that has been largely recast.
the original work, has enlisted
In this new edition, Mortimer J. Adler, sole
author of
the
collaboration of Charles Van Doren. Dr. Adler
began his professional career as an
instructor
at his Alma Mater, Columbia, and later moved
to the University of Chicago, where
for many
years he was Professor of Philosophy of Law.
He has been the Director of The
for
Philosophical Research since 1952. The author
of many books, he has since 1945 been a guid
ing spirit
the Western
World program.
in the Great Books of
Institute
Charles Van Doren has been Dr. Adler's asso
published by
ciate at The Institute for Philosophical Research
for many years and has worked with him on
other books, notably the twenty-volume Annals
the Encyclopaedia
of America,
Britannica,
they have
conducted Great Books discussion groups and
moderated seminars in Chicago, San Francisco,
and Aspen, in the course of which they gained
much of
the
rewriting of How
in 1969. Together
to Read a Book.
resulted
Inc.,
the
inspiration
that
in
CONTENTS
Preface
Part One
THE DIMENSIONS OF READING
1. The Activity and Art of Reading
2. The Levels of Reading
3. The First Level of Reading: Elementary Reading
4. The Second Level of Reading: Inspectional Reading
5. How to Be a Demanding Reader
READING
Part Two
THE THIRD LEVEL OF READING: ANALYTICAL
6. Pigeonholing a Book
7. X-Raying a Book
8. Coming to Terms With an Author
9. Determining an Author's Message
10. Criticizing a Book Fairly
11. Agreeing or Disagreeing With an Author
12. Aids to Reading
TO DIFFERENT KINDS OF READING MATTER
Part Three
APPROACHES
13. How to Read Practical Books
14. How to Read Imaginative Literature
15. Suggestions for Reading Stories, Plays, and Poems
16. How to Read History
17. How to Read Science and Mathematics
18. How to Read Philosophy
19. How to Read Social Science
Part Four
THE ULTIMATE GOALS OF READING
20. The Fourth Level of Reading: Syntopical Reading
21. Reading and the Growth of the Mind
Appendix A. A Recommended Reading List
Appendix B. Exercises and Tests at the Four Levels of Reading
Index
4
HOW
TO READ
A BOOK
R E V I S ED A ND U P D A T ED E D I T I ON
BY
MORTIMER J. ADLER
AND
CHARLES VAN DOREN
SIMON A ND SCHUSTER • N EW YORK
renewed © 1967 by Mortimer J. Adler
]. Adler
Copyright © 1940 by Mortimer J. Adler
Copyright
Copyright © 1972 by Mortimer
and Charles Van Doren
All rights
including
in whole or in part
Published
Rockefeller Center, 630 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York
by Simon and
the right of
reproduction
Schuster
reserved
in any
10020
form
First
printing
edition
Casebound
Touchstone
SBN 671-21280-X
SBN 671-21209-5
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:
Designed
Manufactured
by Edith Fowler
paperback
in the United States of America
edition
72-81451
from
The excerpts
and J. S. Mill are reprinted
Western World, by permission
Britannica,
Inc.
the biographies
of Charles
Darwin
from Great Books of the
of
Encyclopaedia
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