Metamaterials Critique And Alternatives.pdf

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METAMATERIALS

METAMATERIALS Critique and Alternatives BEN A. MUNK Professor of Electrical Engineering, Emeritus The Ohio State University Life Fellow IEEE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Copyright  2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and speciﬁcally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or ﬁtness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of proﬁt or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Munk, Ben (Benedikt A.) Metamaterials : critique and alternatives / Ben A. Munk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-37704-8 (cloth) 1. Metamaterials. 2. Antennas (Electronics)–Materials. 3. Electromagnetism. 4. Radio wave propagation–Mathematical models. 5. Antennas (Electronics)–Experiments. 6. Negative refraction. 7. Negative refractive index. 8. Left Handed Materials. 9 Time Advance. I. Title. TK7871.6.M855 2008 621.3028 4—dc22 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2008030315

This book is dedicated to true science. The constant support of the ElectroScience Laboratory and my family—in particular my wife, Aase—is deeply appreciated.

A NOTE ON METAMATERIALS Metamaterials are artiﬁcially made materials that do not exist in nature. The term derives from the Greek word meta, meaning beyond. More speciﬁcally, metamaterials are composites that have a desired combina- tion of properties that cannot be obtained by combining the properties of their constituents. The term was coined in 1999 by a colleague and good friend, Rodger Walser, of the University of Texas–Austin, now at Meta- material, Inc. At my request he graciously provided me with the following deﬁnition: Metamaterials are macroscopic composites having man-made, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to speciﬁc excitation. I want everybody to understand that I wholeheartedly support a devel- opment of metamaterials in general. Only when unrealistic features, in particular a negative index of refraction, are pursued, must I strongly object. Academia, industry, and most urgently, students deserve an honest and frank discussion on this subject. This book has as its focus such a contribution. B.A.M.

CONTENTS Foreword Preface 1 Why Periodic Structures Cannot Synthesize Negative Indices of Refraction xiii xv 1 2 1 Overview 1 Background Introduction 1.1.1 1.1.2 Current Assumptions Regarding Veselago’s Medium 2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 Negative Index of Refraction 2 Phase Advance when n1 < 0 3 Evanescent Waves Grow with Distance for n1 < 0 3 The Field and Phase Vectors Form a Left-Handed Triplet for n1 < 0 1.2.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 3 Fantastic Designs Could Be Realized if Veselago’s Material Existed 5 1.4 How Veselago’s Medium Is Envisioned To Be Synthesized Using Periodic Structures 6 1.5 How Does a Periodic Structure Refract? 9 Inﬁnite Arrays 1.5.1 1.5.2 What About Finite Arrays? 9 15 1.6 On the Field Surrounding an Inﬁnite Periodic Structure of Arbitrary Wire Elements Located in One or More Arrays 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 16 Single Array of Elements with One Segment Single Array of Elements with Two Segments Single Array of Elements with an Arbitrary Number of Segments On Grating Lobes and Backward-Traveling Waves 20 Two Arrays of Elements with an Arbitrary Number of Segments 1.6.4 1.6.5 16 18 19 21 vii

viii CONTENTS 1.6.6 Can Arrays of Wires Ever Change the Direction of the Incident Field? 23 1.7 On Increasing Evanescent Waves: A Fatal Misconception 1.8 23 Preliminary Conclusion: Synthesizing Veselago’s Medium by a Periodic Structure Is Not Feasible 24 1.9 On Transmission-Line Dispersion: Backward-Traveling Waves 1.9.1 1.9.2 26 Transmission Lines Periodic Structures 26 30 1.10 Regarding Veselago’s Conclusion: Are There Deﬁciencies? 32 1.10.1 Background 1.10.2 Veselago’s Argument for a Negative Index 32 of Refraction 32 1.10.3 Veselago’s Flat Lens: Is It Really Realistic? 34 1.11 Conclusions 1.12 Common Misconceptions 35 38 1.12.1 Artiﬁcial Dielectrics: Do They Really Refract? 38 1.12.2 Real Dielectrics: How Do They Refract? 40 1.12.3 On the E- and H -Fields 1.12.4 On Concentric Split-Ring Resonators 42 1.12.5 What Would Veselago Have Asked if . . . 1.12.6 On “Magic” Structures 43 41 42 References 44 2 On Cloaks and Reactive Radomes 47 2.1 2.2 2.3 47 Concept 47 Prior Art 47 Alternative Explanation Alternative Design 50 Cloaks 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 What Can You Really Expect from a Cloak? Reactive Radomes 2.2.1 Inﬁnite Planar Array with and Without Reactive Radome Line Arrays and Single Elements 2.2.2 Common Misconceptions 2.3.1 Misinterpretation of Calculated Results 55 51 54 51 55 48 50

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