Connelly M. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers.pdf

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SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers by Michael J. Connelly University of Limerick, Ireland KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: Print ISBN: 0-306-48156-1 0-7923-7657-9 ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://kluweronline.com http://ebooks.kluweronline.com

For my parents Michael and Margeret and brother Brendan

Contents Preface INTRODUCTION BASIC PRINCIPLES STRUCTURES MATERIALS MODELLING BASIC NETWORK APPLICATIONS FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS Index vii ix 1 7 21 43 69 97 127 167

Preface Communications can be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to another. In optical fibre communications, this transfer is achieved by using light as the information carrier. There has been an exponential growth in the deployment and capacity of optical fibre communication technologies and networks over the past twenty-five years. This growth has been made possible by the development of new optoelectronic technologies that can be utilised to exploit the enormous potential bandwidth of optical fibre. Today, systems are operational which operate at aggregate bit rates in excess of 100 Gb/s. Such high capacity systems exploit the optical fibre bandwidth by employing wavelength division multiplexing. Optical technology is the dominant carrier of global information. It is also central to the realisation of future networks that will have the capabilities demanded by society. These capabilities include virtually unlimited bandwidth to carry communication services of almost any kind, and full transparency that allows terminal upgrades in capacity and flexible routing of channels. Many of the advances in optical networks have been made possible by the advent of the optical amplifier. In general, optical amplifiers can be divided into two classes: optical fibre amplifiers and semiconductor amplifiers. The former has tended to dominate conventional system applications such as in-line amplification used to compensate for fibre in optical semiconductor fabrication techniques and device design, especially over the last five years, the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is showing great promise for use in evolving optical communication networks. It can be utilised as a general gain unit but also has many functional applications including an optical switch, modulator and wavelength converter. These losses. However, due to advances ix

x Introduction functions, where there is no conversion of optical signals into the electrical domain, are required in transparent optical networks. It is the intention of this book to provide the reader with a comprehensive introduction to the design and applications of SOAs, particularly with regard to their use in optical communication systems. It is hoped that the book has achieved this aim.

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