Light Scattering by Particles in Water.pdf

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Light Scattering by Particles in Water

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 Basic principles of the interaction of light with matter

1.1. Introduction

1.2. The quantum field model

1.3. Basic quantum electrodynamics

1.4. Incoherent scattering

1.5. Coherent scattering

1.6. Basic scattering formalism

1.7. The diffraction approximation

1.8. Conclusion

1.9. Problems

Chapter 2 Optical properties of pure water, seawater, and natural waters

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Physical properties and the intermolecular potential

2.3. Radiative properties and the intramolecular potential

2.4. The intrinsic scattering of pure water

2.5. Measurements of the absorption of pure water

2.6. Analysis of the infrared and visible absorption spectrum

2.7. Analysis of the UV absorption spectrum

2.8. Organic substances dissolved in the water column: Gelbstoff

2.9. An important special case: chlorophyll

2.10. Problems

Chapter 3 General features of scattering of light by particles in water

3.1. Introduction

3.2. An inventory of solutions

3.3. Basic structures in scattering

3.4. Oceanic phase function approximations

3.5. Basic experimental comparison

3.6. Conclusions

3.7. Problems

Chapter 4 Measurements of light scattering by particles in water

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Scattering function

4.3. Polarized light scattering: the scattering matrix

4.4. Light scattering data for natural waters

4.5. Approximations of the volume scattering function

4.6. Problems

Chapter 5 The particle size distribution

5.1. Introduction

5.2. The particle size definitions and the particle shape

5.3. Definition and units

5.4. An optimum particle size grid

5.5. Transforming the size distribution

5.6. Uncertainty of the PSD measurements

5.7. Methods of PSD measurements

5.8. Aquatic PSD data

5.9. Problems

Chapter 6 Refractive indices and morphologies of aquatic particles

6.1. The refractive index: introductory remarks

6.2. Refractive index of water and seawater

6.3. Refractive indices of particles

6.4. Morphologies of aquatic particles

6.5. Problems

Appendix

Bibliography

List of major symbols and abbreviations

Index

Light Scattering by Particles in Water Theoretical and Experimental Foundations

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Light Scattering by Particles in Water Theoretical and Experimental Foundations Miroslaw Jonasz MJC Optical Technology St. Beaconsfield QC Canada And Georges R. Fournier DRDC Valcartier Québec QC Canada Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London New York • Oxford • Paris • San Diego San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

Academic Press is an imprint of Elseiver 84 Theobald’s Road, London WCIX 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made ISBN-13: 978-0-12-388751-1 ISBN-10: 0-12-388751-8 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in USA 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org

Table of Contents Preface 1 Basic principles of the interaction of light with matter 2 Optical properties of pure water, seawater, and natural waters 3 General features of scattering of light by particles in water 4 Measurements of light scattering by particles in water 5 The particle size distribution 6 Refractive indices and morphologies of aquatic particles Appendix Bibliography List of major symbols and abbreviations Index vii 1 33 87 145 267 447 559 611 683 691

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Preface Optical modeling of the interaction of light with small particles has applications in virtually every branch of environmental sciences. This is a consequence of the importance of this interaction in many natural processes occurring in natural environments. For example, particles significantly contribute to the transfer of sunlight through the atmosphere and the ocean, with vital implications for the climate of our planet. Models of the interaction of light with small particles, light scattering models for short, are frequently needed by the analytical sciences, because such models are the basis of rapid, non-contact, and non-destructive particle characterization methods. These methods proved successful in many branches of science and technology (e.g., Jonasz 1991a). However, the development of an optical model of light scattering by particles poses significant problems because of the complex characteristics which these particles may exhibit. Just to hint at this complexity, we point to the extremely wide ranges of properties of naturally occurring particles, such as those dispersed in seawater, as compared with many other populations of particles. For example, the sizes of particles important for the interaction of light with seawater span 5 decades (e.g., Stramski and Kiefer 1991). The particles may have complex shapes and structures, ranging from structured needles to irregular complexes of organic substances with imbedded mineral grains. A successful light scattering model correctly predicts light scattering properties of particles when using realistic assumptions about the relevant characteristics of the particles (size, shape, structure, refractive index, ). In an ideal situation, the success of such a model would be complete if the model, through an inversion algorithm, could retrieve accurate physical and chemical characteristics of the particles from light scattering and/or absorption data. In real situations, this inverse problem is ill posed mathematically because many particle ensembles can give rise to very similar light scattering properties. This severely limits the development of and makes it difficult to verify such models. Consequently, matching a limited set of experimental data with calculated results is not a guarantee of general applicability of a model of light scattering. The development and verification of a successful model may require consideration of several sets of theoretical and experimental constraints. Unfortunately, relevant data and knowledge are widely dispersed throughout literature of many unrelated branches of science, a testimony

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