2007 年上海海事大学语言学基础知识考研真题 I.Define or cxplain the following terms:(40) 1. morphology 2. pragmatics 3. lingua franca 4. universal 5. isblating language 6. language acquisition device 7. linguistic relativity 8.sociolinguistics 9. bilingualism 10.cultural pluralism II.Fll in the blank in each of the following statements with the wordwhose first letter is already given as a clue. You are not allowed tochange the letter given. (20) 1.Linguists use tee diagrams to show that sentences follow a h __ __organization. 2. o __is found both in first and second language evelopment. 3. A regional variety of language is by no means intrinsicallyinferior to variety of a given language. the s__ 4. In producing the English vowels, the air stream coming up from the in whatsoever manner. 5. P is the study of how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning 6.Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of a___ianguage data. 7. A root is often sen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears a clear, definite meaning; it must be combined withto form a word. another root or an a 8.Language is p___ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences that 

they have never heard before. III. True or False QuestionsJudge whether each of the following statements is true or false.If statement is false,explain or provide the correct version.(20) 1. Speech and writing are the two major media of communication.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, and the spoken language as secondary. 2. According to Chomsky, speakers have internalized a set of rules about their language. This rule system enables them to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. 3.It can be easily observed that phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. They might form a contrast if they are two distinctive phonemes, or they do not form a contrast in meaning if they are allophones of the same phoneme. 4. Some languages change with time,while others are immune to linguistic change. 5.Language change is invariably a change in the direction of simplification. 6. The distinction of grammatical words and lexical words leads to the distinction of"closed-class"words and"open-class"words. 7.Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different forms have the sare meaning. 8. The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relwithout destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 9. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 10.It is generally believed that there is a close,"natural"connection between words and things.ationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided IV,Answer the following questions(70) 

1.Comment on the statement"Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive". 2. How does synchronic study differ from diachronic study? 3. What is grammaticality? What might make a grammaticallymeaningful sentence semantically meaningless? 4. Name the major types of synonyms in English. 5. In what way is utterance meaning different from sentence meaning? 6. List the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle(CP). 7. What do you know about social dialects and idiolects?