《美国计算机协会通讯》【Communication of ACM】2017年1月刊PDF.pdf

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Table of Contents

Departments

Editor's Letter

Technology for the Most Effective Use of Mankind

From the President

The ACM Future of Computing Academy

Cerf's Up

Information and Misinformation on the Internet

BLOG@CACM

How We Teach CS2All, and What to Do About Database Decay

Calendar

Careers

Last Byte

Upstart Puzzles

Open Field Tic-Tac-Toe

News

Pure Randomness Extracted from Two Poor Sources

Mapping the Internet of Things

Bias in Technology

Viewpoints

Technology Strategy and Management

Is Google's Alphabet a Good Bet?

Law and Technology

Why Less Is More When It Comes to Internet Jurisdiction

Historical Reflections

Colossal Genius: Tutte, Flowers, and a Bad Imitation of Turing

Viewpoint

Artificial Intelligence: Think Again

Viewpoint

Effects of International Trafficking in Arms Regulations Changes

Practice

Resolving Conflict

Faucet: Deploying SDN in the Enterprise

Research for Practice: Web Security and Mobile Web Computing

Contributed Articles

Exponential Laws of Computing Growth

Bottom-Up Enterprise Information Systems: Rethinking the Roles of Central IT Departments

Review Articles

Cell-Graphs: Image-Driven Modeling of Structure-Function Relationship

Research Highlights

Technical Perspective

Magnifying Motions the Right Way

Eulerian Video Magnification and Analysis

Technical Perspective

Mapping the Universe

HACC: Extreme Scaling and Performance Across Diverse Architectures

Exponential Laws of Computing Growth Bias in Technology Artificial Intelligence: Think Again Cell-Graphs Deploying SDN in the Enterprise Technology for the Most Effective Use of Mankind COMMUNICATIONSOF THE ACMCACM.ACM.ORG 01/2017 VOL.60 NO.01Association for Computing Machinery

Sponsored by SIGOPS In cooperation with Platinum sponsor Gold sponsors Sponsors Paper submission deadline: February 22, 2017 Paper acceptance notification: March 29, 2017 Poster submission deadline: March 22, 2017 We invite you to submit original and innovative papers, covering all aspects of computer systems technology, such as file and storage technology; operating systems; distributed, parallel, and cloud systems; security; virtualization; and fault tolerance, reliability, and availability. SYSTOR 2017 accepts full papers, short papers, and posters. Program chairs Peter Desnoyers, Northeastern University Eyal de Lara, University of Toronto General chair Doron Chen, IBM Research Posters chair Adam Morrison, Tel Aviv University Steering committee head Michael Factor, IBM Research Steering committee Ethan Miller, University of California Santa Cruz Liuba Shrira, Brandeis University Dan Tsafrir, Technion Dalit Naor, IBM Research Erez Zadok, Stony Brook University www.systor.org/2017/

Inviting Young Scientists Meet Great Minds in Computer Science and Mathematics As one of the founding organizations of the Heidelberg Laureate Forum http://www.heidelberg-laureate-forum.org/, ACM invites young computer science and mathematics researchers to meet some of the preeminent scientists in their field. These may be the very pioneering researchers who sparked your passion for research in computer science and/or mathematics. These laureates include recipients of the ACM A.M. Turing Award, the Abel Prize, the Fields Medal, and the Nevanlinna Prize. The Heidelberg Laureate Forum is September 24–29, 2017 in Heidelberg, Germany. This week-long event features presentations, workshops, panel discussions, and social events focusing on scientific inspiration and exchange among laureates and young scientists. Who can participate? New and recent Ph.Ds, doctoral candidates, other graduate students pursuing research, and undergraduate students with solid research experience and a commitment to computing research How to apply: Online: https://application.heidelberg-laureate-forum.org/ Materials to complete applications are listed on the site. What is the schedule? Application deadline—February 14, 2017. We reserve the right to close the application website early depending on the volume Successful applicants will be notified by end of March/early April 2016. More information available on Heidelberg social media PHOTOS: ©HLFF / B. Kreutzer (top); ©HLFF / C. Flemming (bottom)

COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM Departments News Viewpoints 5 7 9 Editor’s Letter Technology for the Most Effective Use of Mankind By Moshe Y. Vardi From the President The ACM Future of Computing Academy By Vicki L. Hanson Cerf’s Up Information and Misinformation on the Internet By Vinton G. Cerf 10 BLOG@CACM How We Teach CS2All, and What to Do About Database Decay Valerie Barr considers how to make computer science education meaningful and relevant to all, while a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory offers strategies to counter database decay. 25 Calendar 105 Careers Last Byte 112 Upstart Puzzles Open Field Tic-Tac-Toe By Dennis Shasha 22 Technology Strategy and Management Is Google’s Alphabet a Good Bet? A relatively simple query raises myriad complicated issues. By Michael A. Cusumano 26 Law and Technology Why Less Is More When It Comes to Internet Jurisdiction Considering legal uncertainty in the online environment. By Michael Geist 29 Historical Reflections Colossal Genius: Tutte, Flowers, and a Bad Imitation of Turing Reflections on pioneering code-breaking efforts. By Thomas Haigh 36 Viewpoint Artificial Intelligence: Think Again Social and cultural conventions are an often-neglected aspect of intelligent-machine development. By Jerry Kaplan 39 Viewpoint Effects of International Trafficking in Arms Regulations Changes Considering the impact of recent ITAR changes to the U.S. software industry and software education. By Jeremy Straub 13 13 Pure Randomness Extracted from Two Poor Sources Developments from several disparate areas of computer science provide “a huge jump, both technically and also quantitatively.” By Don Monroe 16 Mapping the Internet of Things Researchers are discovering surprising new risks across the fast-growing IoT. By Alex Wright 19 Bias in Technology As leading companies release troubling diversity statistics, experts search for solutions. By Gregory Mone Association for Computing Machinery Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession 2 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | JANUARY 2017 | VOL. 60 | NO. 1 T R E L I T N A D Y B E G A M I

01/2017 VOL. 60 NO. 01 Practice Contributed Articles Review Articles 74 Cell-Graphs: Image-Driven Modeling of Structure-Function Relationship Cell-graph construction methods are best served when physics-driven and data-driven paradigms are joined. By Bülent Yener Watch the author discuss his work in this exclusive Communications video. http://cacm.acm.org/videos/ cell-graphs 42 66 Research Highlights 54 Exponential Laws 86 Technical Perspective of Computing Growth Moore’s Law is one small component in an exponentially growing planetary computing ecosystem. By Peter J. Denning and Ted G. Lewis Watch the authors discuss their work in this exclusive Communications video. http://cacm.acm.org/ videos/exponential-laws-of- computing-growth 66 Bottom-Up Enterprise Information Systems: Rethinking the Roles of Central IT Departments Central IT needs to guide functional areas and departments toward effective operational and procurement practices. By Cecil Eng Huang Chua and Veda C. Storey Magnifying Motions the Right Way By Richard Szeliski 87 Eulerian Video Magnification and Analysis By Neal Wadhwa, Hao-Yu Wu, Abe Davis, Michael Rubinstein, Eugene Shih, Gautham J. Mysore, Justin G. Chen, Oral Buyukozturk, John V. Guttag, William T. Freeman, and Frédo Durand 96 Technical Perspective Mapping the Universe By Valentina Salapura 97 HACC: Extreme Scaling and Performance Across Diverse Architectures By Salman Habib, Vitali Morozov, Nicholas Frontiere, Hal Finkel, Adrian Pope, Katrin Heitmann, Kalyan Kumaran, Venkatram Vishwanath, Tom Peterka, Joe Insley, David Daniel, Patricia Fasel, and Zarija Lukic´ 42 Resolving Conflict Don’t “win.” Resolve. By Kate Matsudaira 45 Faucet: Deploying SDN in the Enterprise Using OpenFlow and DevOps for rapid development. By Josh Bailey and Stephen Stuart 50 Research for Practice: Web Security and Mobile Web Computing Expert-curated guides to the best of CS research. Articles’ development led by queue.acm.org L A O M E L R E I V I L O ; A K D O G A J Y B S E G A M I About the Cover: Peter Denning and Ted Lewis take a new look at Moore’s Law and the causes of exponential growth for information technologies and find there is much more life left in the landmark observation. Cover illustration by Peter Crowther Associates. JANUARY 2017 | VOL. 60 | NO. 1 | COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 3

ACM, the world’s largest educational and scientific computing society, delivers resources that advance computing as a science and profession. ACM provides the computing field’s premier Digital Library and serves its members and the computing profession with leading-edge publications, conferences, and career resources. Executive Director and CEO Bobby Schnabel Deputy Executive Director and COO Patricia Ryan Director, Office of Information Systems Wayne Graves Director, Office of Financial Services Darren Ramdin Director, Office of SIG Services Donna Cappo Director, Office of Publications Scott E. Delman ACM COUNCIL President Vicki L. Hanson Vice-President Cherri M. Pancake Secretary/Treasurer Elizabeth Churchill Past President Alexander L. Wolf Chair, SGB Board Jeanna Matthews Co-Chairs, Publications Board Jack Davidson and Joseph Konstan Members-at-Large Gabriele Anderst-Kotis; Susan Dumais; Elizabeth D. Mynatt; Pamela Samuelson; Eugene H. Spafford SGB Council Representatives Paul Beame; Jenna Neefe Matthews; Barbara Boucher Owens BOARD CHAIRS Education Board Mehran Sahami and Jane Chu Prey Practitioners Board Terry Coatta and Stephen Ibaraki REGIONAL COUNCIL CHAIRS ACM Europe Council Dame Professor Wendy Hall ACM India Council Srinivas Padmanabhuni ACM China Council Jiaguang Sun PUBLICATIONS BOARD Co-Chairs Jack Davidson; Joseph Konstan Board Members Ronald F. Boisvert; Karin K. Breitman; Terry J. Coatta; Anne Condon; Nikil Dutt; Roch Guerrin; Carol Hutchins; Yannis Ioannidis; Catherine McGeoch; M. Tamer Ozsu; Mary Lou Soffa; Alex Wade; Keith Webster ACM U.S. Public Policy Office Renee Dopplick, Director 1828 L Street, N.W., Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 USA T (202) 659-9711; F (202) 667-1066 Computer Science Teachers Association Mark R. Nelson, Executive Director STAFF DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS Scott E. Delman cacm-publisher@cacm.acm.org EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Moshe Y. Vardi eic@cacm.acm.org Executive Editor Diane Crawford Managing Editor Thomas E. Lambert Senior Editor Andrew Rosenbloom Senior Editor/News Larry Fisher Web Editor David Roman Rights and Permissions Deborah Cotton Art Director Andrij Borys Associate Art Director Margaret Gray Assistant Art Director Mia Angelica Balaquiot Designer Iwona Usakiewicz Production Manager Lynn D’Addesio Advertising Sales Juliet Chance Columnists David Anderson; Phillip G. Armour; Michael Cusumano; Peter J. Denning; Mark Guzdial; Thomas Haigh; Leah Hoffmann; Mari Sako; Pamela Samuelson; Marshall Van Alstyne CONTACT POINTS Copyright permission permissions@hq.acm.org Calendar items calendar@cacm.acm.org Change of address acmhelp@acm.org Letters to the Editor letters@cacm.acm.org WEBSITE http://cacm.acm.org AUTHOR GUIDELINES http://cacm.acm.org/ ACM ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT 2 Penn Plaza, Suite 701, New York, NY 10121-0701 T (212) 626-0686 F (212) 869-0481 Advertising Sales Juliet Chance acmmediasales@acm.org For display, corporate/brand advertising: Craig Pitcher pitcherc@acm.org T (408) 778-0300 Media Kit acmmediasales@acm.org NEWS Co-Chairs William Pulleyblank and Marc Snir Board Members Mei Kobayashi; Michael Mitzenmacher; Rajeev Rastogi VIEWPOINTS Co-Chairs Tim Finin; Susanne E. Hambrusch; John Leslie King Board Members William Aspray; Stefan Bechtold; Michael L. Best; Judith Bishop; Stuart I. Feldman; Peter Freeman; Mark Guzdial; Rachelle Hollander; Richard Ladner; Carl Landwehr; Carlos Jose Pereira de Lucena; Beng Chin Ooi; Loren Terveen; Marshall Van Alstyne; Jeannette Wing PRACTICE Co-Chair Stephen Bourne Board Members Eric Allman; Peter Bailis; Terry Coatta; Stuart Feldman; Benjamin Fried; Pat Hanrahan; Tom Killalea; Tom Limoncelli; Kate Matsudaira; Marshall Kirk McKusick; George Neville-Neil; Theo Schlossnagle; Jim Waldo The Practice section of the CACM Editorial Board also serves as the Editorial Board of . CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES Co-Chairs Andrew Chien and James Larus Board Members William Aiello; Robert Austin; Elisa Bertino; Gilles Brassard; Kim Bruce; Alan Bundy; Peter Buneman; Peter Druschel; Carlo Ghezzi; Carl Gutwin; Yannis Ioannidis; Gal A. Kaminka; James Larus; Igor Markov; Gail C. Murphy; Bernhard Nebel; Lionel M. Ni; Kenton O’Hara; Sriram Rajamani; Marie-Christine Rousset; Avi Rubin; Krishan Sabnani; Ron Shamir; Yoav Shoham; Larry Snyder; Michael Vitale; Wolfgang Wahlster; Hannes Werthner; Reinhard Wilhelm RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Co-Chairs Azer Bestovros and Gregory Morrisett Board Members Martin Abadi; Amr El Abbadi; Sanjeev Arora; Michael Backes; Nina Balcan; Dan Boneh; Andrei Broder; Doug Burger; Stuart K. Card; Jeff Chase; Jon Crowcroft; Alexei Efros; Alon Halevy; Norm Jouppi; Andrew B. Kahng; Sven Koenig; Xavier Leroy; Steve Marschner; Kobbi Nissim; Guy Steele, Jr.; David Wagner; Margaret H. Wright; Nicholai Zeldovich; Andreas Zeller Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) 2 Penn Plaza, Suite 701 New York, NY 10121-0701 USA T (212) 869-7440; F (212) 869-0481 WEB Chair James Landay Board Members Marti Hearst; Jason I. Hong; Jeff Johnson; Wendy E. MacKay 4 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | JANUARY 2017 | VOL. 60 | NO. 1 ACM Copyright Notice Copyright © 2017 by Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. (ACM). Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and full citation on the first page. Copyright for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or fee. Request permission to publish from permissions@hq.acm.org or fax (212) 869-0481. For other copying of articles that carry a code at the bottom of the first or last page or screen display, copying is permitted provided that the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center; www.copyright.com. Subscriptions An annual subscription cost is included in ACM member dues of $99 ($40 of which is allocated to a subscription to Communications); for students, cost is included in $42 dues ($20 of which is allocated to a Communications subscription). A nonmember annual subscription is $269. ACM Media Advertising Policy Communications of the ACM and other ACM Media publications accept advertising in both print and electronic formats. All advertising in ACM Media publications is at the discretion of ACM and is intended to provide financial support for the various activities and services for ACM members. Current advertising rates can be found by visiting http://www.acm-media.org or by contacting ACM Media Sales at (212) 626-0686. Single Copies Single copies of Communications of the ACM are available for purchase. Please contact acmhelp@acm.org. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM (ISSN 0001-0782) is published monthly by ACM Media, 2 Penn Plaza, Suite 701, New York, NY 10121-0701. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY 10001, and other mailing offices. POSTMASTER Please send address changes to Communications of the ACM 2 Penn Plaza, Suite 701 New York, NY 10121-0701 USA Printed in the U.S.A. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACMTrusted insights for computing’s leading professionals.Communications of the ACM is the leading monthly print and online magazine for the computing and information technology fields. Communications is recognized as the most trusted and knowledgeable source of industry information for today’s computing professional. Communications brings its readership in-depth coverage of emerging areas of computer science, new trends in information technology, and practical applications. 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editor’s letter DOI:10.1145/3020075 Moshe Y. Vardi Technology for the Most Effective Use of Mankind one online”—is either hopelessly naïve or utterly self-serving. Over the past decade alone we have witnessed the demise of two prominent techno-optimist “solutions.” The One Laptop per Child (OLPC) project was launched in 2005 with the goal of trans- forming education for the world’s dis- advantaged schoolchildren. But within a few years “the vision was overwhelmed by the reality of business, politics, logis- tics, and competing interests worldwide” (see https://goo.gl/xWj8OK). The MOOC (massive open online courses) movement was launched in 2011 with the rhetoric of dramatically reducing the cost of higher education while “reaching the quality of individual tutoring.” But by 2014, Sebas- tian Thrun, a MOOC pioneer, concluded that “The basic MOOC is a great thing for the top 5% of the student body, but not a great thing for the bottom 95%.” The central thesis of Toyama’s talk was that “Technology has positive im- pact only when amplifying social trends or institutions that are already positively inclined.” As much as I sympathize with Toyama’s skeptical approach toward techno-optimism, I find this thesis hard to swallow. Consider, for example, Polio- myelitis, often called polio, as an exam- ple. Polio used to be a dreaded infectious childhood disease, as in a small fraction of cases the disease results in permanent severe muscle weakness. In 1952, Jonas Salk developed the first effective polio vaccine, which led to drastic reduction in polio infections (100 known cases worldwide in 2015). Surely this counts as technology with positive impact. Of course one could argue the worldwide adoption of polio vaccination required “social trends or institutions that are al- ready positively inclined,” but that would make the thesis a tautology. Some social problems do have technical solutions! But Toyama is right that using tech- nology to solve societal challenges re- quires a deep understanding of the so- cietal context, an understanding that was not demonstrated by the OLPC and MOOC movements. Furthermore, deploying technology without under- standing its societal context may have adverse societal consequences. Consid- er “frictionless sharing” as an example. The concept first arose in the context of scholarly work, where the goal was to en- able scholars to easily share resources with other scholars. In 2011, Zuckerberg announced developments to Facebook that would allow “real-time serendipity in a frictionless experience.” By 2016, however, frictionless sharing has given rise to the fake-news phenomenon, with the proliferation of websites that pub- lish fraudulent misinformation, quickly spread via social media, intended to mislead readers. While it is difficult to gauge the impact of this phenomenon on the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presi- dential election, the explosion of mis- information surely counts as a negative consequence of technology. Frictionless sharing is technology, but to what end? We, as computing professionals, are engaged in the development of infor- mation technology. This technology is changing the world, but not always for the better. It is time for computing to emerge from its technological cocoon and engage vigorously with social sci- ence. If we wish our technology to be developed “for the most effective use of mankind” (quoting from Ada Lovelace’s 1843 letter to Charles Babbage), then we need to understand mankind better! Follow me on Facebook, Google+, and Twitter. Moshe Y. Vardi, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Copyright held by author. JANUARY 2017 | VOL. 60 | NO. 1 | COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 5 T ECHNO-OPTIMISM IS DEFINED as the belief that technology can improve the lives of people. It was famously satired in the U.S. television comedy series “Silicon Valley,” with a startup- company’s founders pledging to “make the world a better place through Paxos algorithms for consensus protocols.” But some people take techno-optimism very seriously. Ray Kurzweil, an accom- plished tech innovator, described his techno-optimistic vision in his books: The Age of Spiritual Machines, How to Cre- ate a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed, and The Singularity Is Near. In a keynote address (see https://goo. gl/RwkwK1) at the 2016 meeting of the Computing Research Association, Ken- taro Toyama argued that “In spite of the do-gooder rhetoric of Silicon Valley, it is no secret that computing technology in and of itself cannot solve systemic social problems.” Toyama’s argument, detailed at length in his 2015 book Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology, is that per- sistent societal challenges, such as socio-economic inequality, do not have technology-centric solutions. Indeed, over the past 50 years we have witnessed the development of the Internet, the personal computer, the cellphone, the Web, search engines, social media, and smartphones—a development often summarized as the “Information Revo- lution.” During this period, the U.S. poverty rate oscillated in the 13%–15% range, completely impervious to devel- opments in information technology. In view of the data on poverty, the quote attributed to Mark Zuckerberg, Face- book’s founder and CEO—“The rich- est 500 million [people] have way more money than the next six billion com- bined. You solve that by getting every-

Seeking applications from outstanding young leaders The ACM Future of Computing Academy will bring together next-generation researchers, practitioners, educators and entrepreneurs from various disciplines of computing to define and launch new initiatives that will carry us into the future. Academy members will have the satisfaction of contributing to our field while enjoying the opportunity to grow their personal networks across regions, computing disciplines and computing professions. ACM invites accomplished professionals typically in their 20s and 30s to apply. The inaugural meeting of the ACM Future of Computing Academy will be June 25, 2017 in San Francisco. Members of the Academy will be invited to attend ACM’s celebration of 50 Years of the ACM Turing Award, June 23-24, at the Westin St. Francis, where they will have the opportunity to interact with ACM A.M. Turing Award laureates. “Academy members will have the privilege and responsibility of being the voice of the next generation of computing professionals and ensuring that ACM continues to contribute to their success long into the future.” – Vicki Hanson, ACM President “The Future of Computing Academy will give some of the most talented, creative, and passionate young computing professionals a collective voice that will help shape the future of our industry and its influence on our social and economic ecosystem.” – Vint Cerf, Google Chief Internet Evangelist and former ACM President “The Future of Computing Academy will afford members an invaluable opportunity to expand their professional networks to include outstanding individuals with demonstrated excellence from across a breadth of computing disciplines.” – Aaron Quigley, Chair of Human Computer Interaction, University of St. Andrews “Members of the Academy will have opportunities to interact with computing pioneers whose foundational contributions influence innovation today.” – Matthias Kaiserswerth, Managing Director, Hasler Foundation Apply at: http://www.acm.org/fca

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