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FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICS FourthEdition Francis A. Jenkins Late Professor of Physics University of California, Berkeley Harvey E.White Professor of Physics, Emeritus Director of the Lawrence Hall of Science, Emeritus University of California, Berkeley ~ McGraw-Hili Primls WfiJIiI Custom Publishing New York Stl.oois SmFzarrisco Auckland Bogota Caracas NewDeIhi lisbon London Madrid Mexia:> Milan Montreal Pari5 SmJuan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

McGraw-Hill Higher Education ~ A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies This book was set in Times Roman. The editors were Robert A. Fry and Anne T. Vinnicombe; drawings were done by ANCO Technical Services. the production supervisor was Dennis J. Conroy. The new FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICS Fourth Edition Copyright@ 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. Inc. All rights reserved. This book contains all material from Fundamentals of Optics, Fourth Edition by Francis A. Jenkins and Harvey E. White. Copyright@1976, McGraw-Hill Companies, Fundamentals of Physical Optics. Copyright@ 1937 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, White. Reprinted with permission of the publisher. renewed 1965 by Francis A. Jenkins and Harvey E. Inc. Copyright Inc. Formerly published under the title of 1957, 1950 by The 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QSR QSR 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 0-07-256191-2 Editor: Shirley Grall Printer/Binder: Quebecor World

CONTENTS Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the Third Edition Part One Geometrical Optics 1 Properties of Light 1.1 The Rectilinear Propagation of Light 1.2 The Speed of Light 1.3 The Speed of Light in Stationary Matter 1.4 The Refractive Index 1.5 Optical Path 1.6 Laws of Reflection and Refraction 1.7 Graphical Construction for Refraction 1.8 The Principle of Reversibility 1.9 Fermat's Principle 1.10 Color Dispersion xvii xix 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 14 14 18

vi CONTENTS 2 Plane Surfaces and Prisms 2.1 Parallel Beam 2.2 The Critical Angle and Total Reflection 2.3 Plane-Parallel Plate 2.4 Refraction by a Prism 2.5 Minimum Deviation 2.6 Thin Prisms 2.7 Combinations of Thin Prisms 2.8 Graphical Method of Ray Tracing 2.9 Direct-Vision Prisms 2.10 Reflection of Divergent Rays 2.11 Refraction of Divergent Rays 2.12 2.13 Fiber Optics Images Formed by Paraxial Rays 3 Spherical Surfaces 3.1 Focal Points and Focal Lengths 3.2 Image Formation 3.3 Virtual Images 3.4 Conjugate Points and Planes 3.5 Convention of Signs 3.6 Graphical Constructions. The Parallel-Ray Method 3.7 Oblique-Ray Methods 3.8 Magnification 3.9 Reduced Vergence 3.10 Derivation of the Gaussian Formula 3.11 Nomography 4 Thin Lenses 4.1 Focal Points and Focal Lengths 4.2 Image Formation 4.3 Conjugate Points and Planes 4.4 The Parallel-Ray Method 4.5 The Oblique-Ray Method 4.6 Use of the Lens Formula 4.7 Lateral Magnification 4.8 Virtual Images 4.9 Lens Makers' Formula 4.10 Thin-Lens Combinations 4.11 Object Space and Image Space 4.12 The Power of a Thin Lens 4.13 Thin Lenses in Contact 4.14 Derivation of the Lens Formula 4.15 Derivation of the Lens Makers' Formula 24 24 25 28 29 30 32 32 33 34 36 36 38 40 44 45 46 47 47 50 50 52 54 54 56 57 60 60 62 62 62 63 64 64 65 67 68 70 70 71 72 73

5 Thick Lenses 5.1 Two Spherical Surfaces 5.2 The Parallel-Ray Method 5.3 Focal Points and Principal Points 5.4 Conjugate Relations 5.5 The Oblique-Ray Method 5.6 General Thick-Lens Formulas 5.7 Special Thick Lenses 5.8 Nodal Points and Optical Center, 5.9 Other Cardinal Points 5.10 Thin-Lens Combination as a Thick Lens 5.11 Thick-Lens Combinations 5.12 Nodal Slide 6 Spherical Mirrors 6.1 Focal Point and Focal Length 6.2 Graphical Constructions 6.3 Mirror Formulas 6.4 Power of Mirrors 6.5 Thick Mirrors 6.6 Thick-Mirror Formulas 6.7 Other Thick Mirrors 6.8 Spherical Aberration 6.9 Astigmatism 7 The Effects of Stops 7.1 Field Stop and Aperture Stop 7.2 Entrance and Exit Pupils 7.3 Chief Ray 7.4 Front Stop 7.5 Stop between Two Lenses 7.6 Two Lenses with No Stop 7.7 Determination of the Aperture Stop 7.8 Field of View 7.9 Field of a Plane Mirror 7.10 Field of a Convex Mirror 7.11 Field of a Positive Lens 8 Ray Tracing 8.1 Oblique Rays 8.2 Graphical Method for Ray Tracing 8.3 Ray-tracing Formulas 8.4 Sample Ray-tracing Calculations CONTENTS vii 78 78 79 81 82 82 84 88 88 90 91 93 93 98 98 99 102 104 105 107 109 109 1I1 115 lIS 1I6 1I7 1I7 1I8 120 121 122 122 124 124 130 130 131 134 135

viii CONTENTS 9 Lens Aberrations 9.1 Expansion of the Sine. First-Order Theory 9.2 Third-Order Theory of Aberrations 9.3 Spherical Aberration of a Single Surface 9.4 Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens 9.5 Results of Third-Order Theory 9.6 Fifth-Order Spherical Aberration 9.7 Coma 9.8 Aplanatic Points of a Spherical Surface 9.9 Astigmatism 9.10 Curvature of Field 9.11 Distortion 9.12 The Sine Theorem and Abbe's Sine Condition 9.13 Chromatic Aberration 9.14 Separated Doublet 10 Optical Instruments 10.1 The Human Eye 10.2 Cameras and Photographic Objectives 10.3 Speed of Lenses 10.4 Meniscus Lenses 10.5 Symmetrical Lenses 10.6 Triplet Anastigmats 10.7 Telephoto Lenses 10.8 Magnifiers 10.9 Types of Magnifiers 10.10 Spectacle Lenses 10.11 Microscopes 10.12 Microscope Objectives 10.13 Astronomical Telescopes 10.14 Oculars and Eyepieces 10.15 Huygens Eyepiece 10.16 Ramsden Eyepiece 10.17 Kellner or Achromatized Ramsden Eyepiece 10.18 10.19 10.20 The Kellner-Schmidt Optical System 10.21 Concentric Optical Systems Special Eyepieces Prism Binoculars Part Two Wave Optics 11 Vibrations and Waves 11.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 11.2 The Theory of Simple Harmonic Motion 11.3 Stretching of a Coiled Spring 11.4 Vibrating Spring 149 150 151 152 153 157 160 162 166 167 170 17l 173 176 182 188 188 191 191 193 193 194 195 195 198 198 200 201 202 205 205 206 206 206 207 208 209 215 216 217 218 221

CONTENTS Ix 11.5 Transverse Waves 11.6 Sine Waves 11.7 Phase Angles 11.8 Phase Velocity and Wave Velocity 11.9 Amplitude and Intensity 11.10 Frequency and Wavelength 11.11 Wave Packets 12 The Superposition of Waves 12.1 Addition of Simple Harmonic Motions along the Same Line 12.2 Vector Addition of Amplitudes 12.3 Superposition of Two Wave Trains of the Same Frequency 12.4 Superposition of Many Waves with Random Phases 12.5 Complex Waves 12.6 Fourier Analysis 12.7 Group Velocity 12.8 Graphical Relation between Wave and Group Velocity 12.9 Addition of Simple Harmonic Motions at Right Angles 13 Interference of Two Beams of Light 13.1 Huygens' Principle 13.2 Young's Experiment 13.3 Interference Fringes from a Double Source 13.4 Intensity Distribution in the Fringe System 13.5 Fresnel's Biprism 13.6 Other Apparatus Depending on Division of the Wave Front 13.7 Coherent Sources 13.8 Division of Amplitude. Michelson Interferometer 13.9 Circular Fringes 13.10 Localized Fringes 13.11 White-Light Fringes 13.12 Visibility of the Fringes 13.13 Interferometric Measurements of Length 13.14 Twyman and Green Interferometer 13.15 Index of Refraction by Interference Methods 14 Interference Involving Multiple Reflections 14.1 Reflection from a Plane-Parallel Film 14.2 Fringes of Equal Inclination 14.3 Interference in the Transmitted Light 14.4 Fringes of Equal Thickness 14.5 Newton's Rings 14.6 Nonreflecting Films 14.7 Sharpness of the Fringes 14.8 Method of Complex Amplitudes 14.9 Derivation of the Intensity Function 223 224 225 228 229 232 235 238 239 240 242 244 246 248 250 252 253 259 260 261 263 265 266 268 270 271 273 275 276 277 279 281 282 286 288 291 292 293 294 295 297 299 300

~- --~ X CONTENTS Fabry-Perot Interferometer 14.10 14.11 Brewster's Fringes 14.12 Chromatic Resolving Power 14.13 Comparison of Wavelengths with the Interferometer 14.14 Study of Hyperfine Structure and of Line Shape 14.15 Other Interference Spectroscopes 14.16 Channeled Spectra. Interference Filter 15 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Single Opening 15.1 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction 15.2 Diffraction by a Single Slit 15.3 Further Investigation of the Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern 15.4 Graphical Treatment of Amplitudes. The Vibration Curve 15.5 Rectangular Aperture 15.6 Resolving Power with a Rectangular Aperture 15.7 Chromatic Resolving Power of a Prism 15.8 Circular Aperture 15.9 Resolving Power of a Telescope 15.10 Resolving Power of a Microscope 15.11 Diffraction Patterns with Sound and Microwaves 16 The Double Slit 16.1 Qualitative Aspects of the Pattern 16.2 Derivation of the Equation for the Intensity 16.3 Comparison of the Single-Slit and Double-Slit Patterns 16.4 Distinction between Interference and Diffraction 16.5 Position of the Maxima and Minima. Missing Orders 16.6 Vibration Curve 16.7 Effect of Finite Width of Source Slit 16.8 Michelson's Stellar Interferometer 16.9 Correlation Interferometer 16.10 Wide-Angle Interference 17 The Diffraction Grating 17.1 Effect of Increasing the Number of Slits 17.2 Intensity Distribution from an Ideal Grating 17.3 Principal Maxima 17.4 Minima and Secondary Maxima 17.5 Formation of Spectra by a Grating 17.6 Dispersion 17.7 Overlapping of Orders 17.8 Width of the Principal Maxima 17.9 Resolving Power 17.10 Vibration Curve 17.11 Production of Ruled Gratings 17.12 Ghosts 301 302 303 305 308 310 311 315 315 316 319 322 324 325 327 329 330 332 334 338 338 339 341 341 342 346 347 349 351 352 355 355 357 358 358 359 362 362 363 364 365 368 370

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