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Hack.and.HHVM.Programming.Productivity.Without.Breaking.Things.pdf

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    Copyright
    Table of Contents
    Foreword
    Preface
    What Are Hack and HHVM?
    Who This Book Is For
    Philosophy
    Program Types
    Gradual Migration
    How the Book Is Organized
    Versions
    Conventions Used in This Book
    Safari® Books Online
    How to Contact Us
    Acknowledgments
    Chapter 1. Typechecking
    Why Use the Typechecker?
    Setting Up the Typechecker
    Autoload Everything
    Reading Error Messages
    Type Annotation Syntax
    Function Return Types
    Function Parameters
    Properties
    Hack’s Type System
    Typechecker Modes
    Code Without Annotations
    Calling into PHP
    Rules
    Using Superglobals
    Types of Overriding Methods
    Property Initialization
    Typed Variadic Arguments
    Types for Generators
    Fallthrough in switch Statements
    Type Inference
    Variables Don’t Have Types
    Unresolved Types
    Inference Is Function-Local
    Refining Types
    Refining Nullable Types to Non-Nullable
    Refining Mixed Types to Primitives
    Refining Object Types
    Inference on Properties
    Enforcement of Type Annotations at Runtime
    Chapter 2. Generics
    Introductory Example
    Other Generic Entities
    Functions and Methods
    Traits and Interfaces
    Type Aliases
    Type Erasure
    Constraints
    Unresolved Types, Revisited
    Generics and Subtypes
    Arrays and Collections
    Advanced: Covariance and Contravariance
    Syntax
    When to Use Them
    Chapter 3. Other Features of Hack
    Enums
    Enum Functions
    Type Aliases
    Transparent Type Aliases
    Opaque Type Aliases
    Autoloading Type Aliases
    Array Shapes
    Lambda Expressions
    Constructor Parameter Promotion
    Attributes
    Attribute Syntax
    Special Attributes
    Enhanced Autoloading
    Integer Arithmetic Overflow
    Nullsafe Method Call Operator
    Trait and Interface Requirements
    Silencing Typechecker Errors
    Chapter 4. PHP Features Not Supported in Hack
    References
    The global Statement
    Top-Level Code
    Old-Style Constructors
    Case-Insensitive Name Lookup
    Variable Variables
    Dynamic Properties
    Mixing Method Call Syntax
    isset, empty, and unset
    Others
    Chapter 5. Collections
    Why Use Collections?
    Collections Have Reference Semantics
    Using Collections
    Literal Syntax
    Reading and Writing
    Type Annotations for Collections
    Core Interfaces
    General Collection Interfaces
    Specific Collection Interfaces
    Concrete Collection Classes
    Interoperating with Arrays
    Conversion to Arrays
    Use with Built-In and User Functions
    Chapter 6. Async
    Introductory Examples
    Async in Detail
    Wait Handles
    Async and Callable Types
    await Is Not an Expression
    Async Generators
    Exceptions in Async Functions
    Mapping and Filtering Helpers
    Structuring Async Code
    Data Dependencies
    Antipatterns
    Other Types of Waiting
    Sleeping
    Rescheduling
    Common Mistakes
    Dropping Wait Handles
    Memoizing Async Functions
    Async Extensions
    MySQL
    MCRouter and memcached
    cURL
    Streams
    Chapter 7. XHP
    Why Use XHP?
    Runtime Validation
    Secure by Default
    How to Use XHP
    Basic Tag Usage
    Attributes
    Embedding Hack Code
    Type Annotations for XHP
    Object Interface
    Validation
    Creating Your Own XHP Classes
    Attributes
    children Declarations
    Categories
    Context
    Async XHP
    XHP Helpers
    XHP Best Practices
    No Additional Public API
    Composition, Not Inheritance
    Don’t Make Control Flow Tags
    Distinguish Attributes from Children
    Style Guide
    Migrating to XHP
    Converting Bottom-Up
    Getting Around XHP’s Escaping
    XHP Internals
    The Parser Transformation
    The Hack Library
    Chapter 8. Configuring and Deploying HHVM
    Specifying Configuration Options
    Important Options
    Server Mode
    Warming Up the JIT
    Repo-Authoritative Mode
    Building the Repo
    Deploying the Repo
    The Admin Server
    Chapter 9. hphpd: Interactive Debugging
    Getting Started
    Evaluating Code
    The Execution Environment
    Local Mode
    Remote Mode
    Using Breakpoints
    Setting Breakpoints
    Navigating the Call Stack
    Navigating Code
    Managing Breakpoints
    Viewing Code and Documentation
    Macros
    Configuring hphpd
    Chapter 10. Hack Tools
    Inspecting the Codebase
    Scripting Support
    Migrating PHP to Hack
    The Hackificator
    Inferring and Adding Type Annotations
    Transpiling Hack to PHP
    Conversions
    Unsupported Features
    Index
    About the Author
    Hack & HHVM PROGRAMMING PRODUCTIVITY WITHOUT BREAKING THINGS Owen Yamauchi
    Hack and HHVM How can you take advantage of the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM) and the Hack programming language, two new technologies that Facebook developed to run their web servers? With this practical guide, Owen Yamauchi—a member of Facebook’s core Hack and HHVM teams—shows you how to get started with these battle-tested open source tools. You’ll explore static typechecking and several other features that separate Hack from its PHP origins, and learn how to set up, configure, deploy, and monitor HHVM. Ideal for developers with basic PHP knowledge or experience with other languages, this book also demonstrates how these tools can be used with existing PHP codebases and new projects alike. ■ Learn how Hack provides static typechecking while retaining PHP’s flexible, rapid development capability ■ Write typesafe code with Hack’s generics feature ■ Explore HHVM, a just-in-time compilation runtime engine with full PHP compatibility ■ Dive into Hack collections, asynchronous functions, and the XHP extension for PHP ■ Understand Hack’s design rationale, including why it omits some PHP features ■ Use Hack for multitasking, and for generating HTML securely ■ Learn tools for working with Hack code, including PHP-to-Hack migration Owen Yamauchi is a software engineer at Facebook, where he works on the Hack and HHVM teams. Before joining the company in 2009, he worked as a software engineer at Apple and served as an intern at VMware. “ Hack is remarkable not only for the elegance and power of its type system and concurrency model, but because it provides existing PHP applications a thoughtful, iterative migration strategy that can be executed at scale. Yamauchi's survey of the language and its runtime is clear, expert, and essential. Highly recommended.” —Ori Livneh Principal Performance Engineer, Wikimedia Foundation PHP US $34.99 CAN $40.99 ISBN: 978-1-491-92087-9 Twitter: @oreillymedia facebook.com/oreilly
    Hack and HHVM Programming Productivity Without Breaking Things Owen Yamauchi Boston
    Hack and HHVM by Owen Yamauchi Copyright © 2015 Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Allyson MacDonald Production Editor: Melanie Yarbrough Copyeditor: Rachel Head Proofreader: Jasmine Kwityn September 2015: First Edition Revision History for the First Edition 2015-09-02: First Release Indexer: Ellen Troutman-Zaig Interior Designer: David Futato Cover Designer: Ellie Volkhausen Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491920879 for release details. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Hack and HHVM, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights. 978-1-491-92087-9 [LSI]
    Table of Contents Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1. Typechecking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Why Use the Typechecker? 1 Setting Up the Typechecker 2 Autoload Everything 3 Reading Error Messages 3 Type Annotation Syntax 4 Function Return Types 4 Function Parameters 5 Properties 6 Hack’s Type System 6 Typechecker Modes 14 Code Without Annotations 16 Calling into PHP 17 Rules 18 Using Superglobals 18 Types of Overriding Methods 19 Property Initialization 20 Typed Variadic Arguments 23 Types for Generators 24 Fallthrough in switch Statements 25 Type Inference 26 Variables Don’t Have Types 26 Unresolved Types 26 Inference Is Function-Local 28 iii
    Refining Types 29 Refining Nullable Types to Non-Nullable 30 Refining Mixed Types to Primitives 32 Refining Object Types 32 Inference on Properties 35 Enforcement of Type Annotations at Runtime 36 2. Generics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Introductory Example 39 Other Generic Entities 41 Functions and Methods 41 Traits and Interfaces 42 Type Aliases 42 Type Erasure 43 Constraints 45 Unresolved Types, Revisited 47 Generics and Subtypes 49 Arrays and Collections 50 Advanced: Covariance and Contravariance 51 Syntax 51 When to Use Them 52 3. Other Features of Hack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Enums 57 Enum Functions 59 Type Aliases 60 Transparent Type Aliases 60 Opaque Type Aliases 61 Autoloading Type Aliases 64 Array Shapes 64 Lambda Expressions 66 Constructor Parameter Promotion 68 Attributes 69 Attribute Syntax 69 Special Attributes 71 Enhanced Autoloading 73 Integer Arithmetic Overflow 77 Nullsafe Method Call Operator 77 Trait and Interface Requirements 78 Silencing Typechecker Errors 80 iv | Table of Contents
    4. PHP Features Not Supported in Hack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 References 83 The global Statement 84 Top-Level Code 84 Old-Style Constructors 85 Case-Insensitive Name Lookup 86 Variable Variables 86 Dynamic Properties 87 Mixing Method Call Syntax 88 isset, empty, and unset 88 Others 89 5. Collections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Why Use Collections? 93 Collections Have Reference Semantics 94 Using Collections 96 Literal Syntax 96 Reading and Writing 97 Type Annotations for Collections 102 Core Interfaces 102 General Collection Interfaces 106 Specific Collection Interfaces 107 Concrete Collection Classes 110 Interoperating with Arrays 112 Conversion to Arrays 112 Use with Built-In and User Functions 112 6. Async. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Introductory Examples 118 Async in Detail 121 Wait Handles 121 Async and Callable Types 123 await Is Not an Expression 124 Async Generators 125 Exceptions in Async Functions 127 Mapping and Filtering Helpers 129 Structuring Async Code 132 Data Dependencies 133 Antipatterns 135 Other Types of Waiting 140 Sleeping 140 Rescheduling 140 Table of Contents | v
    Common Mistakes 143 Dropping Wait Handles 143 Memoizing Async Functions 145 Async Extensions 147 MySQL 147 MCRouter and memcached 151 cURL 153 Streams 154 7. XHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Why Use XHP? 157 Runtime Validation 158 Secure by Default 159 How to Use XHP 161 Basic Tag Usage 161 Attributes 163 Embedding Hack Code 164 Type Annotations for XHP 164 Object Interface 165 Validation 167 Creating Your Own XHP Classes 168 Attributes 169 children Declarations 171 Categories 173 Context 174 Async XHP 175 XHP Helpers 176 XHP Best Practices 178 No Additional Public API 179 Composition, Not Inheritance 179 Don’t Make Control Flow Tags 180 Distinguish Attributes from Children 181 Style Guide 182 Migrating to XHP 182 Converting Bottom-Up 183 Getting Around XHP’s Escaping 184 XHP Internals 185 The Parser Transformation 185 The Hack Library 186 8. Configuring and Deploying HHVM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Specifying Configuration Options 189 vi | Table of Contents
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