模式分类第二版原版课后习题详解.pdf-资料库

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Solution Manual to accompany Pattern Classification (2nd ed.) David G. Stork

Solution Manual to accompany Pattern Classiﬁcation (2nd ed.) by R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart and D. G. Stork David G. Stork Copyright 2001. All rights reserved. This Manual is for the sole use of designated educators and must not be distributed to students except in short, isolated portions and in conjunction with the use of Pattern Classiﬁcation (2nd ed.) June 18, 2003

Preface In writing this Solution Manual I have learned a very important lesson. As a student, I thought that the best way to master a subject was to go to a superb university and study with an established expert. Later, I realized instead that the best way was to teach a course on the subject. Yet later, I was convinced that the best way was to write a detailed and extensive textbook. Now I know that all these years I have been wrong: in fact the best way to master a subject is to write the Solution Manual. In solving the problems for this Manual I have been forced to confront myriad technical details that might have tripped up the unsuspecting student. Students and teachers can thank me for simplifying or screening out problems that required pages of unenlightening calculations. Occasionally I had to go back to the text and delete the word “easily” from problem references that read “it can easily be shown (Problem ...).” Throughout, I have tried to choose data or problem conditions that are particularly instructive. In solving these problems, I have found errors in early drafts of this text (as well as errors in books by other authors and even in classic refereed papers), and thus the accompanying text has been improved for the writing of this Manual. I have tried to make the problem solutions self-contained and self-explanatory. I have gone to great lengths to ensure that the solutions are correct and clearly presented — many have been reviewed by students in several classes. Surely there are errors and typos in this manuscript, but rather than editing and rechecking these solutions over months or even years, I thought it best to distribute the Manual, however ﬂawed, as early as possible. I accept responsibility for these inevitable errors, and humbly ask anyone ﬁnding them to contact me directly. (Please, however, do not ask me to explain a solution or help you solve a problem!) It should be a small matter to change the Manual for future printings, and you should contact the publisher to check that you have the most recent version. Notice, too, that this Manual contains a list of known typos and errata in the text which you might wish to photocopy and distribute to students. I have tried to be thorough in order to help students, even to the occassional fault of verbosity. You will notice that several problems have the simple “explain your answer in words” and “graph your results.” These were added for students to gain intuition and a deeper understanding. Graphing per se is hardly an intellectual challenge, but if the student graphs functions, he or she will develop intuition and remember the problem and its results better. Furthermore, when the student later sees graphs of data from dissertation or research work, the link to the homework problem and the material in the text will be more readily apparent. Note that due to the vagaries of automatic typesetting, ﬁgures may appear on pages after their reference in this Manual; be sure to consult the full solution to any problem. I have also included worked examples and so sample ﬁnal exams with solutions to 1

2 cover material in text. I distribute a list of important equations (without descriptions) with the exam so students can focus understanding and using equations, rather than memorizing them. I also include on every ﬁnal exam one problem verbatim from a homework, taken from the book. I ﬁnd this motivates students to review carefully their homework assignments, and allows somewhat more diﬃcult problems to be in- cluded. These will be updated and expanded; thus if you have exam questions you ﬁnd particularly appropriate, and would like to share them, please send a copy (with solutions) to me. It should be noted, too, that a set of overhead transparency masters of the ﬁgures from the text are available to faculty adopters. I have found these to be invaluable for lecturing, and I put a set on reserve in the library for students. The ﬁles can be accessed through a standard web browser or an ftp client program at the Wiley STM ftp area at: ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci tech med/pattern/ or from a link on the Wiley Electrical Engineering software supplements page at: http://www.wiley.com/products/subject/engineering/electrical/ software supplem elec eng.html I have taught from the text (in various stages of completion) at the University of California at Berkeley (Extension Division) and in three Departments at Stan- ford University: Electrical Engineering, Statistics and Computer Science. Numerous students and colleagues have made suggestions. Especially noteworthy in this re- gard are Sudeshna Adak, Jian An, Sung-Hyuk Cha, Koichi Ejiri, Rick Guadette, John Heumann, Travis Kopp, Yaxin Liu, Yunqian Ma, Sayan Mukherjee, Hirobumi Nishida, Erhan Oztop, Steven Rogers, Charles Roosen, Sergio Bermejo Sanchez, God- fried Toussaint, Namrata Vaswani, Mohammed Yousuf and Yu Zhong. Thanks too go to Dick Duda who gave several excellent suggestions. I would greatly appreciate notices of any errors in this Manual or the text itself. I would be especially grateful for solutions to problems not yet solved. Please send any such information to me at the below address. I will incorporate them into subsequent releases of this Manual. This Manual is for the use of educators and must not be distributed in bulk to students in any form. Short excerpts may be photocopied and distributed, but only in conjunction with the use of Pattern Classiﬁcation (2nd ed.). I wish you all the best of luck in teaching and research. Ricoh Innovations, Inc. 2882 Sand Hill Road Suite 115 Menlo Park, CA 94025-7022 USA stork@rii.ricoh.com David G. Stork

Contents Preface 1 Introduction 2 Bayesian decision theory Problem Solutions Computer Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 7 74 3 Maximum likelihood and Bayesian parameter estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Problem Solutions Computer Exercises 4 Nonparametric techniques Problem Solutions Computer Exercises 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5 Linear discriminant functions Problem Solutions Computer Exercises 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 6 Multilayer neural networks Problem Solutions Computer Exercises 219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 7 Stochastic methods Problem Solutions Computer Exercises 255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 8 Nonmetric methods Problem Solutions Computer Exercises 277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 9 Algorithm-independent machine learning 295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Problem Solutions Computer Exercises 10 Unsupervised learning and clustering Problem Solutions Computer Exercises 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Sample ﬁnal exams and solutions 357 3

4 Worked examples CONTENTS 415 Errata and ammendations in the text 417 First and second printings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Fifth printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Chapter 1 Introduction Problem Solutions There are neither problems nor computer exercises in Chapter 1. 5

6 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

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