objc.io - Advanced Swift_Swift 5.pdf

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Introduction

Who Is This Book For?

Themes

Terminology

Swift Style Guide

Revision History

Built-In Collections

Arrays

Arrays and Mutability

Array Indexing

Transforming Arrays

Array Slices

Dictionaries

Mutating Dictionaries

Some Useful Dictionary Methods

Hashable Requirement

Sets

Set Algebra

Index Sets and Character Sets

Using Sets Inside Closures

Ranges

Countable Ranges

Partial Ranges

Range Expressions

Recap

Optionals

Sentinel Values

Replacing Sentinel Values with Enums

A Tour of Optional Techniques

if let

while let

Doubly Nested Optionals

if var and while var

Scoping of Unwrapped Optionals

Optional Chaining

The nil-Coalescing Operator

Using Optionals with String Interpolation

Optional map

Optional flatMap

Filtering Out nils with compactMap

Equating Optionals

Comparing Optionals

When to Force-Unwrap

Improving Force-Unwrap Error Messages

Asserting in Debug Builds

Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals

Implicit Optional Behavior

Recap

Functions

Overview

Flexibility through Functions

Functions as Data

Functions as Delegates

Delegates, Cocoa Style

Delegates That Work with Structs

Functions Instead of Delegates

inout Parameters and Mutating Methods

Nested Functions and inout

When & Doesn't Mean inout

Properties

Change Observers

Lazy Stored Properties

Subscripts

Custom Subscripts

Advanced Subscripts

Key Paths

Key Paths Can Be Modeled with Functions

Writable Key Paths

The Key Path Hierarchy

Key Paths Compared to Objective-C

Future Directions

Autoclosures

The @escaping Annotation

withoutActuallyEscaping

Recap

Structs and Classes

Value Types and Reference Types

Mutation

Mutating Methods

inout Parameters

Lifecycle

Reference Cycles

Closures and Reference Cycles

Choosing between Unowned and Weak References

Deciding between Structs and Classes

Classes with Value Semantics

Structs with Reference Semantics

Copy-On-Write Optimization

Copy-On-Write Tradeoffs

Implementing Copy-On-Write

Recap

Enums

Overview

Enums Are Value Types

Sum Types and Product Types

Pattern Matching

Pattern Matching in Other Contexts

Designing with Enums

Switch Exhaustively

Make Illegal States Impossible

Use Enums for Modeling State

Choosing between Enums and Structs

Parallels between Enums and Protocols

Use Enums to Model Recursive Data Structures

Raw Values

The RawRepresentable Protocol

Manual RawRepresentable Conformance

RawRepresentable for Structs and Classes

Internal Representation of Raw Values

Enumerating Enum Cases

Manual CaseIterable Conformance

Frozen and Non-Frozen Enums

Tips and Tricks

Recap

Strings

Unicode

Grapheme Clusters and Canonical Equivalence

Combining Marks

Emoji

Strings and Collections

Bidirectional, Not Random Access

Range-Replaceable, Not Mutable

String Indices

Substrings

StringProtocol

Code Unit Views

Index Sharing

Strings and Foundation

Other String-Related Foundation APIs

Ranges of Characters

CharacterSet

Unicode Properties

Internal Structure of String and Character

String Literals

String Interpolation

Custom String Descriptions

Text Output Streams

Recap

Generics

Generic Types

Extending Generic Types

Generics vs. Any

Designing with Generics

Recap

Protocols

Protocol Witnesses

Conditional Conformance

Protocol Inheritance

Designing with Protocols

Protocol Extensions

Customizing Protocol Extensions

Protocol Composition

Protocol Inheritance

Protocols with Associated Types

Conditional Conformance with Associated Types

Existentials

Existentials and Associated Types

Type Erasers

Retroactive Conformance

Recap

Collection Protocols

Sequences

Iterators

Conforming to Sequence

Iterators and Value Semantics

Function-Based Iterators and Sequences

Single-Pass Sequences

The Relationship between Sequences and Iterators

Conforming List to Sequence

Collections

A Custom Collection

Array Literals

Associated Types

Indices

Index Invalidation

Advancing Indices

Custom Collection Indices

Subsequences

Slices

Subsequences Share Indices with the Base Collection

Specialized Collections

BidirectionalCollection

RandomAccessCollection

MutableCollection

RangeReplaceableCollection

Lazy Sequences

Lazy Processing of Collections

Recap

Error Handling

Error Categories

The Result Type

Throwing and Catching

Typed and Untyped Errors

Non-Ignorable Errors

Error Conversions

Converting between throws and Optionals

Converting between throws and Result

Chaining Errors

Chaining throws

Chaining Result

Errors in Asynchronous Code

Cleaning Up Using defer

Rethrowing

Bridging Errors to Objective-C

Recap

Encoding and Decoding

A Minimal Example

Automatic Conformance

Encoding

Decoding

The Encoding Process

Containers

How a Value Encodes Itself

The Synthesized Code

Coding Keys

The encode(to:) Method

The init(from:) Initializer

Manual Conformance

Custom Coding Keys

Custom encode(to:) and init(from:) Implementations

Common Coding Tasks

Making Types You Don't Own Codable

Making Classes Codable

Making Enums Codable

Decoding Polymorphic Collections

Recap

Interoperability

Wrapping a C Library

Package Manager Setup

Wrapping the CommonMark Library

A Safer Interface

An Overview of Low-Level Types

Pointers

Closures as C Callbacks

Making It Generic

Recap

Final Words

1 Introduction Who Is This Book For? Themes Terminology Swift Style Guide Revision History 2 Built-In Collections Arrays Arrays and Mutability Array Indexing Transforming Arrays Array Slices Dictionaries Mutating Dictionaries Some Useful Dictionary Methods Hashable Requirement Sets Set Algebra Index Sets and Character Sets Using Sets Inside Closures Ranges Countable Ranges Partial Ranges Range Expressions Recap 3 Optionals Sentinel Values Replacing Sentinel Values with Enums A Tour of Optional Techniques if let while let Doubly Nested Optionals if var and while var Scoping of Unwrapped Optionals Optional Chaining 10 12 13 16 20 22 24 25 25 27 29 41 43 44 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 56 57 59 61 61 62 64 65 66 70

The nil-Coalescing Operator Using Optionals with String Interpolation Optional map Optional atMap Filtering Out nils with compactMap Equating Optionals Comparing Optionals When to Force-Unwrap Improving Force-Unwrap Error Messages Asserting in Debug Builds Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals Implicit Optional Behavior Recap 4 Functions Overview Flexibility through Functions Functions as Data Functions as Delegates Delegates, Cocoa Style Delegates That Work with Structs Functions Instead of Delegates inout Parameters and Mutating Methods Nested Functions and inout When & Doesn’t Mean inout Properties Change Observers Lazy Stored Properties Subscripts Custom Subscripts Advanced Subscripts Key Paths Key Paths Can Be Modeled with Functions Writable Key Paths The Key Path Hierarchy Key Paths Compared to Objective-C Future Directions Autoclosures The @escaping Annotation withoutActuallyEscaping 73 75 77 79 80 81 84 84 86 87 89 90 90 91 92 99 103 110 110 111 113 116 119 119 120 121 123 125 126 126 128 130 131 134 135 135 135 138 140

Recap 5 Structs and Classes Value Types and Reference Types Mutation Mutating Methods inout Parameters Lifecycle Reference Cycles Closures and Reference Cycles Choosing between Unowned and Weak References Deciding between Structs and Classes Classes with Value Semantics Structs with Reference Semantics Copy-On-Write Optimization Copy-On-Write Tradeoﬀs Implementing Copy-On-Write Recap 6 Enums Overview Enums Are Value Types Sum Types and Product Types Pattern Matching Pattern Matching in Other Contexts Designing with Enums Switch Exhaustively Make Illegal States Impossible Use Enums for Modeling State Choosing between Enums and Structs Parallels between Enums and Protocols Use Enums to Model Recursive Data Structures Raw Values The RawRepresentable Protocol Manual RawRepresentable Conformance RawRepresentable for Structs and Classes Internal Representation of Raw Values Enumerating Enum Cases 141 142 143 147 151 152 153 153 158 160 161 162 163 165 166 167 171 173 174 175 177 179 183 185 186 187 191 195 197 200 206 207 208 209 210 211

Manual CaseIterable Conformance Frozen and Non-Frozen Enums Tips and Tricks Recap 7 Strings Unicode Grapheme Clusters and Canonical Equivalence Combining Marks Emoji Strings and Collections Bidirectional, Not Random Access Range-Replaceable, Not Mutable String Indices Substrings StringProtocol Code Unit Views Index Sharing Strings and Foundation Other String-Related Foundation APIs Ranges of Characters CharacterSet Unicode Properties Internal Structure of String and Character String Literals String Interpolation Custom String Descriptions Text Output Streams Recap 8 Generics Generic Types Extending Generic Types Generics vs. Any Designing with Generics Recap 212 213 215 220 221 222 224 224 227 230 231 232 233 237 239 242 244 245 247 249 250 251 252 254 255 258 259 263 265 266 268 270 272 275

9 Protocols Protocol Witnesses Conditional Conformance Protocol Inheritance Designing with Protocols Protocol Extensions Customizing Protocol Extensions Protocol Composition Protocol Inheritance Protocols with Associated Types Conditional Conformance with Associated Types Existentials Existentials and Associated Types Type Erasers Retroactive Conformance Recap 10 Collection Protocols Sequences Iterators Conforming to Sequence Iterators and Value Semantics Function-Based Iterators and Sequences Single-Pass Sequences The Relationship between Sequences and Iterators Conforming List to Sequence Collections A Custom Collection Array Literals Associated Types Indices Index Invalidation Advancing Indices Custom Collection Indices Subsequences Slices Subsequences Share Indices with the Base Collection Specialized Collections 276 278 280 281 282 283 284 287 288 288 290 292 293 294 296 297 298 300 301 304 305 307 308 310 311 313 314 320 321 322 324 325 326 329 331 333 334

BidirectionalCollection RandomAccessCollection MutableCollection RangeReplaceableCollection Lazy Sequences Lazy Processing of Collections Recap 11 Error Handling Error Categories The Result Type Throwing and Catching Typed and Untyped Errors Non-Ignorable Errors Error Conversions Converting between throws and Optionals Converting between throws and Result Chaining Errors Chaining throws Chaining Result Errors in Asynchronous Code Cleaning Up Using defer Rethrowing Bridging Errors to Objective-C Recap 12 Encoding and Decoding A Minimal Example Automatic Conformance Encoding Decoding The Encoding Process Containers How a Value Encodes Itself The Synthesized Code Coding Keys The encode(to:) Method The init(from:) Initializer 335 336 337 339 341 343 344 345 346 348 350 352 354 356 356 357 358 359 359 361 364 365 367 369 371 373 373 374 376 376 377 380 380 380 381 382

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