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2014年陕西空军工程大学基础英语考研真题(A卷).doc
2014 年陕西空军工程大学基础英语考研真题(A 卷)
考试科目：基础英语（A 卷） 科目代码 682
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because of
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seats. And the Head
说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上
不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废；试题必须同试卷一起交
回。
SECTION I GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10×2 points)
Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best
answers to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.
1.The House of Representatives of the U.S. Congress has
of the Representatives is called
A. 120, Speaker
B. 351, Chairman
C. 435, Speaker
D. 351, Chancellor
2.Paradise Lost is a masterpiece by
A. Christopher Marlow
B. John Milton
C. William Shakespeare
D. Ben Johnson
3.In which novel can "Yahoo" be found?
A.John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress
B.Edmund Spencer's The Faerie Queen
C.Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels
D Henry Fielding's Tom Jones
4.Richard Nixon resigned in
A. 1974, the Great Depression
B. 1978, the Black Power Movement
C. 1974, the Watergate Scandal
D. 1978, the Isolation policy
5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPT
A Yale
B Harvard
C MIT
D Berkeley
6.The capital of Australia is
A. Sydney
B. Melbourne
C. Canberra
D. Perth
7.Which degree is offered in community colleges in the United States?
A. Master's degree
B. Doctor’s degree
.
, which still bears this nickname
C. Bachelor's degree
D. Associate's degree
8.James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT
A. Dubliners
B. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
C. Jude the Obscure
D. Ulysses
9.In Britain, the 1980s was remembered as the decade of
A. globalization
B. nationalization
C. privatization
D. competition
10. The Tories were the forerunners of
today.
A. the Labor Party
B. the Conservative Party
C. the Liberal Party
D. the Social Democratic Party
SECTION Ⅱ Proofreading and Error Correction (10×2 points)
Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum
of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the
passage and correct it in the following way. For a wrong word, underline the wrong
word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For
a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”sign and write
the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line. For
an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with aslash “/’ and put the
word in the blank provided at the end of the line.
Example
When∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never／buys things in finished form
and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum
wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit Successful aging is a
psychological feat. Fear for 11
death, for example, may sometimes oppress you. even
when this is successfully overcome, there is still something for you to deal
with-loneliness. Lonelinesscan speed your demise no matter conscientiously 12
you
care for your body. “We go through life surrounded by protective convoys of
others,” says Robert Kahn, a psychologist of the University of Michiganwho studied
the health effects of companionship. “People 13
who manage to maintain a network
of socialsupport do best.” One study of elderly heart-attack patientsfound that
those with two or more close associations 14
enjoyed twice the one-year survival
rate of those who were completely alone.Companionship aside, healthy oldsters seem
to share a knack for managing stress, poison that contributes 15
measurably to heart
disease, cancer and accidents. Researchers have also been linked successful aging
to mental stimulation. An idle brain will deterioratejust as sure as an unused
16
And move on.”
Head of the gerontology center at George Washington
leg, notes Dr. Gene Cohen, 17
University. But just as exercise can prevent muscle 18
atrophy, mental challenges
seem to preserve both the mind and the immune system. But what most impresses
researchers who study the oldest people is his simple drive and resilience. “People
who reach 100 19
are not quitters,” says Adler of the National Centenarian
Awareness Project. “They share a remarkable ability torenegotiate life in every
turn, to accept the inevitable losses 20
Section III Reading Comprehension (20× 2 points) Directions:
Read the following five texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET .
Text 1
Imagine that you could rewind the clock 20 years and you're 20 years younger. How
do you feel? Well, if you're at all like the subjects in a provocative experiment
by Harvard psychologist Ellen Langer, you actually feel as if your body clock has
been turned back two decades. Langer did a study like this with a group of elderly
men some years ago, retrofitting an isolated old New England hotel so that every
visible sign said it was 20 years earlier. The men—in their late 70s and early
80s—were told not to reminisce about the past, but to actually act as if they had
traveled back in time. The idea was to see if changing the men's mindset about their
own age might lead to actual changes in health and fitness.
Langer's findings were stunning: After just one week, the men in the experimental
group (compared with controls of the same age) had more joint flexibility, increased
dexterity and less arthritis in their hands. Their mental acuity had risen measurably,
and they had improved gait and posture. Outsiders who were shown the men's
photographs judged them to be significantly younger than the controls. In other words,
the aging process had in some measure been reversed.
Though this sounds a bit woo-wooey, Langer and her Harvard colleagues have been
running similarly inventive experiments for decades, and the accumulated weight of
the evidence is convincing. Her theory, argued in her new book, "Counterclockwise,"
is that we are all victims of our own stereotypes about aging and health. We
mindlessly accept negative cultural cues about disease and old age, and these cues
shape our self-concepts and our behavior. If we can shake loose from the negative
clichés that dominate our thinking about health, we can "mindfully" open ourselves
to possibilities for more productive lives even into old age.
Consider another of Langer's mindfulness studies, this one using an ordinary
optometrist's eye chart. That's the chart with the huge E on top, and descending
lines of smaller and smaller letters that eventually become unreadable. Langer and
her colleagues wondered: what if we reversed it? The regular chart creates the
expectation that at some point you will be unable to read. Would turning the chart
upside down reverse that expectation, so that people would expect the letters to
become readable? That's exactly what they found. The subjects still couldn't read
the tiniest letters, but when they were expecting the letters to get more legible,
they wereable to read smaller letters than they could have normally. Their
expectation—their mindset—improved their actual vision.
That means that some people may be able to change prescriptions if they change the
way they think about seeing. But other health consequences might be more important
than that. Here's another study, this one using clothing as a trigger for aging
stereotypes. Most people try to dress appropriately for their age, so clothing in
effect becomes a cue for ingrained attitudes about age. But what if this cue
disappeared? Langer decided to study people who routinely wear uniforms as part of
their work life, and compare them with people who dress in street clothes. She found
that people who wear uniforms missed fewer days owing to illness or injury, had fewer
doctors' visits and hospitalizations, and had fewer chronic diseases—even though
they all had the same socioeconomic status. That's because they were not constantly
reminded of their own aging by their fashion choices. The health differences were
even more exaggerated when Langer looked at affluent people: presumably the means
to buy even more clothes provides a steady stream of new aging cues, which wealthy
people internalize as unhealthy attitudes and expectations.
Langer’s point is that we are surrounded every day by subtle signals that aging
is an undesirable period of decline. These signals make it difficult to age
gracefully. Similar signals also lock all of us—regardless of age—into pigeonholes
for disease.We are too quick to accept diagnostic categories like cancer and
depression, and let them define us. Doing so preempts the possibility of a healthful
future.
That's not to say that we won't encounter illness, bad moods or a stiff back—or
that dressing like a teenager will eliminate those things. But with a little
mindfulness, we can try to embrace uncertainty and understand that the way we feel
today may or may not connect to the way we will feel tomorrow.
21.According to the first paragraph, the experiment is designed by Ellen Langer to
show .
A.How men could rewind the body clock.
B.How the old men traveled back to the past.
C.How the old hotel influences people’s mind.
D.How the state of mind influences health.
22.Which of the following is NOT true about the old men in the experimental group
during Langer’s experiment?
A.They look younger than they are.
B.They look much happier than before.
C.Their joints tend to be more flexible.
D.They have fewer diseases than before.
23.The word “woo-wooey” in the third paragraph probably means
A.marvelous
B.incredible
C.impractical
D.mysterious
24.What is the role of the fourth paragraph in the development of the topic?
A.to show how to use an eye chart in an unusual way.
.
.
B.To show that the regular eye chart is not properly designed.
C.To offer supporting evidence to the preceding paragraphs.
D.To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs.
25.The sentence in the sixth paragraph “Similar signals also…for disease” implies
that
A.we tend to accept that becoming old is inevitable.
B.we usually have no doubts about doctor’s diagnosis.
C.illness often leaves us in a difficult situation.
D.fixed ideas about illnesses can the situation.
26. We can infer from the passage that
A.rich people tend to be more conscious of getting old.
B.it is beneficial for human beings to travel back to the past.
C.an upside-down eye chart is good for people’s eyesight.
D.men’s mindset can wipe out illnesses like hand arthritis.
Text 2
For nearly two years, Marisela Escobedo Ortiz led a one-woman campaign to bring the
murderer of her 16-year-old daughter to justice. Ms Escobedo was outraged after a
three-judge panel ignored overwhelming evidence pointing to her daughter's then
boyfriend, cartel member Sergio Barraza, as the killer. The judges' decision was
eventually overturned – but not before Barraza was released and Escobedo herself
murdered this past December, while protesting in front of the Chihuahua state
governor's office.
Escobedo's death was recorded by a security camera and broadcast throughout the
country, outraging the Mexican public and leading to the suspension of the three
judges involved in the original trial. Her case is not only representative of the
impunity with which activists are silenced in Mexico, but also highlights the marked
increase in violence toward women as the country has been drawn deeper into its battle
with organized crime.
Since President Calderon began to take on Mexico's crime cartels in 2006, the
country's drug war has taken a total of 34,612 lives, nearly half of which were
claimed solely in 2010. Unknown to many, the deaths resulting from organized crime
have also risen according to human rights organizations. Femicides rose by 130%
between 2009 and 2010, resulting in a total of 446 murdered women only last year.
This worsening epidemic has led local authorities throughout the country to downplay
the mounting violence by misclassifying murders, attributing deaths to drug violence,
or simply under-report the figures.
This national campaign of misinformation seems to be primarily motivated by
electoral politics, as was recently demonstrated by Mexico state governor – and
leading presidential candidate for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) –
this month, authorities in Mexico state clashed with
Enrique
NGOs seeking
a
after
federal prosecutors announced that over 900 women had been murdered in the state
between 2005 and 2010. This figure would make Mexico state one of the most violent
in the nation, and likely damage the closely guarded image of governor Peña Nieto.
Peña Nieto. Earlier
emergency"
"gender
in
the
locality
to
declare
Susana
Chavez
this
month,
have
already
earlier
activist
The government of Peña Nieto succeeded in lobbying national authorities to avoid
applying the "gender emergency" designation to his state, prompting the condemnation
of domestic and international NGOs.
While Mexico's authorities might continue to successfully obscure the extent of the
country's increasing violence toward women, the rising death toll and public outrage
make this task increasingly difficult. Ms Escobedo's death, along with that
sparked
of
proteststhroughout Mexico and at Mexican embassies around the world, as well as
bringing mounting international criticism.
As Mexico enters its fifth year of conflict and escalating militarization, the
country's ability to ensure basic protections for its citizens – and, in particular,
for those most at risk – has never been less certain. If Mexico's political class
is intent on improving its reputation for governance, it should focus less on
muddling with the figures and more on resolving the nation's problems.
27.What happened to the three judges?
A.They were detained by the judicial department.
B.They were suspended from their positions.
C.They were threatened by the criminal gangs.
D.They justly judged Ms Escobedo’s daughter’s case.
28.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the mounting femicides?
A.violence toward women is a common phenomenon occurring in Mexico.
B.Mexico’s government kept an indifferent attitude to the violence toward women.
C.Mexico’s government has exerted itself to tackle crimes against females.
D.The statistics about women victim cases is usually distorted by the government.
29.Which of the following statements contains a metaphor?
A.Female deaths suggest a callous disregard by Mexico’s government.
B.It should focus less on muddling with the figures.
C.This epidemic has led authorities of the country to downplay the mounting violence.
D.Ms Escobedo’s death has already sparked protests throughout Mexico.
30.The authorities’ misdeclaration about violence against women was due to all the
following Except
A.international criticism
B.maintenance of governor’s reputation
C.political system
D.establishment of state image
31.The sentence in the last paragraph “it should focus less on muddling with the
figures…” suggests
A.it is wrong and unacceptable to distort the statistics of femicides.
B.there are more and more women involved in the drug violence in Mexico.
C.the government should pay less attention to the figure of female victims.
D.it is no good trying to conceal the serious situation of violence against women.
Text 3
For a thousand years and more, the people of Europe had fought about many things,
but they had been united in believing one thing: that there existed a single “Holy,
Catholic and Apostolic Church” of which the Bishop of Rome, under the title of the
Pope, was the visible and recognizable head in succession to St. Peter. But in 1517
a German monk, Martin Luther, challenged certain Catholic teachings and renounced
his obedience to the papacy. Others had followed him, including Henry VIII.
Thus Europe was divided in every way, the southern and eastern two-thirds still
Catholic, the northern and western one-third what was coming to be called Protestant,
though English-ruled Ireland solidly Catholic and the Spanish-ruled Netherlands,
particularly the northern part approximating to modern Holland, grew increasingly
Protestant; while in virtually every country, whether officially Catholic or
Protestant, those of the contrary faith fiercely attempted to convert their
neighbors and equally fiercely resisted their neighbor’s attempts to convert them.
For this there was no simple, friendly solution to be reached on the principle of
live-and-let-live. Each party believed that it had hold of the truth, the only truth
that mattered, the one that led to eternal salvation, and its adversaries clung to
falsehood which must necessarily head to eternal damnation: not only for themselves
but for all who should permit them to survive and infect others with their errors.
Toleration, even reasonable discussion, was impossible. God and the devil could not
mix. Just as Elizabeth was to ardent Catholics that Jezebel, so to earnest
Protestants the Pope was “ that wolfish bloodsucker,” and their Catholic
fellow-creatures mad dogs, toads and other such vermin to be cleansed off the face
of the earth.
These feelings, dangerous enough in themselves, were made more so by questions of
geography and money. The Catholic countries bordering on the Mediterranean were by
far the richest. From the beginning of the Middle Ages the Republic of Venice had
controlled the trade routes to the East, bringing the wares carried out of Persia,
China and the Indies by camel to her depots in Syria and reloading them in her high,
gorgeously painted vessels for transshipment to Italy and beyond. Since the end of
the fifteen century, first Portugal by sailing round Africa to India, then Spain
by the discovery of America, had likewise been in a position to bring for sale to
Europe all the rare and wonderful things for which Europe longed—silks and precious
woods, sugar and spices, gold and silver, works of exquisite art and strange animals
from peacock to tigers. In 1494, two years after Columbus’s first voyage to America,
Pope Alexander VI had divided the unexplored world beyond the seas between Spain
and Portugal as reward for their enterprise and to keep them from fighting. The other
countries had respected this division so long as they remained Catholic.
32.The best title for this passage is
A.The History of Europe in 16th Century.
B.The Religious History of Europe in 16th Century.
C.The Causes of European Separation in 16th Century.
D.Europe---from separation to integration
33.What do we learn from the passage?
A.The Pope had the supreme power in religion before reform.
B.The Pope had the greatest power in every thing outside religion.
C.The Pope was the real king in Europe then.
D.The Pope was the real ruler in Europe then.
34.What did the sentence “The other countries had respected this division so long
as they remained Catholic” imply?
A.It implied this division could not be respected long.
B.It implied this division would not face a challenge.
C.It implied this division would be respected forever.
D.It implied the power of the Pope would never decline.
35.Which of the following is not mentioned as a cause to deepen the dangerous
feelings?
A. Money.
B. Geology.
C. Religion.
D. Geography.
Text 4
Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small
Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and
government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority
business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form
new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience,
unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years
after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two
percent of the national economy’s total receipts.
Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate
development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small
minority enterprises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms
through intermediary companies. In
this approach, large corporations participate
in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of
government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company
to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potential to become
future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company.
MESBICs are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier
access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well
as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop
sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience
and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the
minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority
businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market
fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring
corporations began to capitalize MESBICs far above the legal minimum of
$500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of
management needed. MESBICs are now emerging as increasingly important financing
sources for minority enterprises.
Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals,
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