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Java Concurrency in Practice 无水印pdf.pdf
Cover
Index
Listing and Image Index
Preface
How to Use this Book
Code Examples
Listing 1. Bad Way to Sort a List. Don't Do this.
Listing 2. Less than Optimal Way to Sort a List.
Acknowledgments
1 - Introduction
1.1. A (Very) Brief History of Concurrency
1.2. Benefits of Threads
1.2.1. Exploiting Multiple Processors
1.2.2. Simplicity of Modeling
1.2.3. Simplified Handling of Asynchronous Events
1.2.4. More Responsive User Interfaces
1.3. Risks of Threads
1.3.1. Safety Hazards
Listing 1.1. Non-thread-safe Sequence Generator.
Figure 1.1. Unlucky Execution of UnsafeSequence.Nextvalue.
Listing 1.2. Thread-safe Sequence Generator.
1.3.2. Liveness Hazards
1.3.3. Performance Hazards
1.4. Threads are Everywhere
Part I: Fundamentals
2. Thread Safety
2.1. What is Thread Safety?
2.1.1. Example: A Stateless Servlet
Listing 2.1. A Stateless Servlet.
2.2. Atomicity
Listing 2.2. Servlet that Counts Requests without the Necessary Synchronization. Don't Do this.
2.2.1. Race Conditions
2.2.2. Example: Race Conditions in Lazy Initialization
Listing 2.3. Race Condition in Lazy Initialization. Don't Do this.
2.2.3. Compound Actions
Listing 2.4. Servlet that Counts Requests Using AtomicLong.
2.3. Locking
Listing 2.5. Servlet that Attempts to Cache its Last Result without Adequate Atomicity. Don't Do this.
2.3.1. Intrinsic Locks
Listing 2.6. Servlet that Caches Last Result, But with Unacceptably Poor Concurrency. Don't Do this.
2.3.2. Reentrancy
Listing 2.7. Code that would Deadlock if Intrinsic Locks were Not Reentrant.
2.4. Guarding State with Locks
2.5. Liveness and Performance
Figure 2.1. Poor Concurrency of SynchronizedFactorizer.
Listing 2.8. Servlet that Caches its Last Request and Result.
3. Sharing Objects
3.1. Visibility
Listing 3.1. Sharing Variables without Synchronization. Don't Do this.
3.1.1. Stale Data
Listing 3.2. Non-thread-safe Mutable Integer Holder.
Listing 3.3. Thread-safe Mutable Integer Holder.
3.1.2. Non-atomic 64-bit Operations
3.1.3. Locking and Visibility
Figure 3.1. Visibility Guarantees for Synchronization.
3.1.4. Volatile Variables
Listing 3.4. Counting Sheep.
3.2. Publication and Escape
Listing 3.5. Publishing an Object.
Listing 3.6. Allowing Internal Mutable State to Escape. Don't Do this.
Listing 3.7. Implicitly Allowing the this Reference to Escape. Don't Do this.
3.2.1. Safe Construction Practices
Listing 3.8. Using a Factory Method to Prevent the this Reference from Escaping During Construction.
3.3. Thread Confinement
3.3.1. Ad-hoc Thread Confinement
3.3.2. Stack Confinement
Listing 3.9. Thread Confinement of Local Primitive and Reference Variables.
3.3.3. ThreadLocal
Listing 3.10. Using ThreadLocal to Ensure thread Confinement.
3.4. Immutability
Listing 3.11. Immutable Class Built Out of Mutable Underlying Objects.
3.4.1. Final Fields
3.4.2. Example: Using Volatile to Publish Immutable Objects
Listing 3.12. Immutable Holder for Caching a Number and its Factors.
3.5. Safe Publication
Listing 3.13. Caching the Last Result Using a Volatile Reference to an Immutable Holder Object.
Listing 3.14. Publishing an Object without Adequate Synchronization. Don't Do this.
3.5.1. Improper Publication: When Good Objects Go Bad
Listing 3.15. Class at Risk of Failure if Not Properly Published.
3.5.2. Immutable Objects and Initialization Safety
3.5.3. Safe Publication Idioms
3.5.4. Effectively Immutable Objects
3.5.5. Mutable Objects
3.5.6. Sharing Objects Safely
4. Composing Objects
4.1. Designing a Thread-safe Class
Listing 4.1. Simple Thread-safe Counter Using the Java Monitor Pattern.
4.1.1. Gathering Synchronization Requirements
4.1.2. State-dependent Operations
4.1.3. State Ownership
4.2. Instance Confinement
Listing 4.2. Using Confinement to Ensure Thread Safety.
4.2.1. The Java Monitor Pattern
Listing 4.3. Guarding State with a Private Lock.
4.2.2. Example: Tracking Fleet Vehicles
4.3. Delegating Thread Safety
Listing 4.4. Monitor-based Vehicle Tracker Implementation.
Listing 4.5. Mutable Point Class Similar to Java.awt.Point.
4.3.1. Example: Vehicle Tracker Using Delegation
Listing 4.6. Immutable Point class used by DelegatingVehicleTracker.
Listing 4.7. Delegating Thread Safety to a ConcurrentHashMap.
Listing 4.8. Returning a Static Copy of the Location Set Instead of a "Live" One.
4.3.2. Independent State Variables
Listing 4.9. Delegating Thread Safety to Multiple Underlying State Variables.
4.3.3. When Delegation Fails
Listing 4.10. Number Range Class that does Not Sufficiently Protect Its Invariants. Don't Do this.
4.3.4. Publishing Underlying State Variables
4.3.5. Example: Vehicle Tracker that Publishes Its State
Listing 4.11. Thread-safe Mutable Point Class.
Listing 4.12. Vehicle Tracker that Safely Publishes Underlying State.
4.4. Adding Functionality to Existing Thread-safe Classes
Listing 4.13. Extending Vector to have a Put-if-absent Method.
4.4.1. Client-side Locking
Listing 4.14. Non-thread-safe Attempt to Implement Put-if-absent. Don't Do this.
Listing 4.15. Implementing Put-if-absent with Client-side Locking.
4.4.2. Composition
Listing 4.16. Implementing Put-if-absent Using Composition.
4.5. Documenting Synchronization Policies
4.5.1. Interpreting Vague Documentation
5. Building Blocks
5.1. Synchronized Collections
5.1.1. Problems with Synchronized Collections
Listing 5.1. Compound Actions on a Vector that may Produce Confusing Results.
Figure 5.1. Interleaving of Getlast and Deletelast that throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
Listing 5.2. Compound Actions on Vector Using Client-side Locking.
Listing 5.3. Iteration that may Throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
Listing 5.4. Iteration with Client-side Locking.
5.1.2. Iterators and Concurrentmodificationexception
Listing 5.5. Iterating a List with an Iterator.
5.1.3. Hidden Iterators
Listing 5.6. Iteration Hidden within String Concatenation. Don't Do this.
5.2. Concurrent Collections
5.2.1. ConcurrentHashMap
5.2.2. Additional Atomic Map Operations
5.2.3. CopyOnWriteArrayList
Listing 5.7. ConcurrentMap Interface.
5.3. Blocking Queues and the Producer-consumer Pattern
5.3.1. Example: Desktop Search
5.3.2. Serial Thread Confinement
Listing 5.8. Producer and Consumer Tasks in a Desktop Search Application.
Listing 5.9. Starting the Desktop Search.
5.3.3. Deques and Work Stealing
5.4. Blocking and Interruptible Methods
Listing 5.10. Restoring the Interrupted Status so as Not to Swallow the Interrupt.
5.5. Synchronizers
5.5.1. Latches
5.5.2. FutureTask
Listing 5.11. Using CountDownLatch for Starting and Stopping Threads in Timing Tests.
Listing 5.12. Using FutureTask to Preload Data that is Needed Later.
Listing 5.13. Coercing an Unchecked Throwable to a RuntimeException.
5.5.3. Semaphores
5.5.4. Barriers
Listing 5.14. Using Semaphore to Bound a Collection.
5.6. Building an Efficient, Scalable Result Cache
Listing 5.16. Initial Cache Attempt Using HashMap and Synchronization.
Listing 5.17. Replacing HashMap with ConcurrentHashMap.
Figure 5.4. Unlucky Timing that could Cause Memorizer3 to Calculate the Same Value Twice.
Listing 5.18. Memorizing Wrapper Using FutureTask.
Listing 5.19. Final Implementation of Memorizer.
Listing 5.20. Factorizing Servlet that Caches Results Using Memorizer.
Summary of Part I
Part II: Structuring Concurrent Applications
6. Task Execution
6.1. Executing Tasks in Threads
6.1.1. Executing Tasks Sequentially
Listing 6.1. Sequential Web Server.
6.1.2. Explicitly Creating Threads for Tasks
Listing 6.2. Web Server that Starts a New Thread for Each Request.
6.1.3. Disadvantages of Unbounded Thread Creation
6.2. The Executor Framework
Listing 6.3. Executor Interface.
6.2.1. Example: Web Server Using Executor
Listing 6.4. Web Server Using a Thread Pool.
Listing 6.5. Executor that Starts a New Thread for Each Task.
6.2.2. Execution Policies
Listing 6.6. Executor that Executes Tasks Synchronously in the Calling Thread.
6.2.3. Thread Pools
6.2.4. Executor Lifecycle
Listing 6.7. Lifecycle Methods in ExecutorService.
Listing 6.8. Web Server with Shutdown Support.
6.2.5. Delayed and Periodic Tasks
6.3. Finding Exploitable Parallelism
Listing 6.9. Class Illustrating Confusing Timer Behavior.
6.3.1. Example: Sequential Page Renderer
Listing 6.10. Rendering Page Elements Sequentially.
6.3.2. Result-bearing Tasks: Callable and Future
Listing 6.11. Callable and Future Interfaces.
Listing 6.12. Default Implementation of newTaskFor in ThreadPoolExecutor.
6.3.3. Example: Page Renderer with Future
6.3.4. Limitations of Parallelizing Heterogeneous Tasks
Listing 6.13. Waiting for Image Download with Future.
6.3.5. CompletionService: Executor Meets BlockingQueue
Listing 6.14. QueueingFuture Class Used By ExecutorCompletionService.
6.3.6. Example: Page Renderer with CompletionService
Listing 6.15. Using CompletionService to Render Page Elements as they Become Available.
6.3.7. Placing Time Limits on Tasks
6.3.8. Example: A Travel Reservations Portal
Listing 6.16. Fetching an Advertisement with a Time Budget.
Summary
Listing 6.17. Requesting Travel Quotes Under a Time Budget.
7. Cancellation and Shutdown
7.1. Task Cancellation
Listing 7.1. Using a Volatile Field to Hold Cancellation State.
Listing 7.2. Generating a Second's Worth of Prime Numbers.
7.1.1. Interruption
Listing 7.3. Unreliable Cancellation that can Leave Producers Stuck in a Blocking Operation. Don't Do this.
Listing 7.4. Interruption Methods in Thread.
Listing 7.5. Using Interruption for Cancellation.
7.1.2. Interruption Policies
7.1.3. Responding to Interruption
Listing 7.6. Propagating InterruptedException to Callers.
Listing 7.7. Non-cancelable Task that Restores Interruption Before Exit.
7.1.4. Example: Timed Run
Listing 7.8. Scheduling an Interrupt on a Borrowed Thread. Don't Do this.
7.1.5. Cancellation Via Future
Listing 7.9. Interrupting a Task in a Dedicated Thread.
Listing 7.10. Cancelling a Task Using Future.
7.1.7. Encapsulating Nonstandard Cancellation with Newtaskfor
Listing 7.11. Encapsulating Nonstandard Cancellation in a Thread by Overriding Interrupt.
7.2. Stopping a Thread-based Service
7.2.1. Example: A Logging Service
Listing 7.12. Encapsulating Nonstandard Cancellation in a Task with Newtaskfor.
Listing 7.13. Producer-Consumer Logging Service with No Shutdown Support.
Listing 7.14. Unreliable Way to Add Shutdown Support to the Logging Service.
7.2.2. ExecutorService Shutdown
Listing 7.15. Adding Reliable Cancellation to LogWriter.
Listing 7.16. Logging Service that Uses an ExecutorService.
7.2.3. Poison Pills
Listing 7.17. Shutdown with Poison Pill.
7.2.4. Example: A One-shot Execution Service
Listing 7.18. Producer Thread for IndexingService.
Listing 7.19. Consumer Thread for IndexingService.
Listing 7.20. Using a Private Executor Whose Lifetime is Bounded by a Method Call.
7.2.5. Limitations of Shutdownnow
Listing 7.21. ExecutorService that Keeps Track of Cancelled Tasks After Shutdown.
Listing 7.22. Using TRackingExecutorService to Save Unfinished Tasks for Later Execution.
7.3. Handling Abnormal Thread Termination
Listing 7.23. Typical Thread-pool Worker Thread Structure.
7.3.1. Uncaught Exception Handlers
Listing 7.24. UncaughtExceptionHandler Interface.
Listing 7.25. UncaughtExceptionHandler that Logs the Exception.
7.4. JVM Shutdown
7.4.1. Shutdown Hooks
Listing 7.26. Registering a Shutdown Hook to Stop the Logging Service.
7.4.2. Daemon Threads
7.4.3. Finalizers
Summary
8. Applying Thread Pools
8.1. Implicit Couplings Between Tasks and Execution Policies
8.1.1. Thread Starvation Deadlock
Listing 8.1. Task that Deadlocks in a Single-threaded Executor. Don't Do this.
8.1.2. Long-running Tasks
8.2. Sizing Thread Pools
8.3. Configuring ThreadPoolExecutor
8.3.1. Thread Creation and Teardown
Listing 8.2. General Constructor for ThreadPoolExecutor.
8.3.2. Managing Queued Tasks
8.3.3. Saturation Policies
Listing 8.3. Creating a Fixed-sized Thread Pool with a Bounded Queue and the Caller-runs Saturation Policy.
8.3.4. Thread Factories
Listing 8.4. Using a Semaphore to Throttle Task Submission.
Listing 8.5. ThreadFactory Interface.
Listing 8.6. Custom Thread Factory.
8.3.5. Customizing ThreadPoolExecutor After Construction
Listing 8.7. Custom Thread Base Class.
Listing 8.8. Modifying an Executor Created with the Standard Factories.
8.4. Extending ThreadPoolExecutor
8.4.1. Example: Adding Statistics to a Thread Pool
Listing 8.9. Thread Pool Extended with Logging and Timing.
8.5. Parallelizing Recursive Algorithms
Listing 8.10. Transforming Sequential Execution into Parallel Execution.
Listing 8.11. Transforming Sequential Tail-recursion into Parallelized Recursion.
Listing 8.12. Waiting for Results to be Calculated in Parallel.
8.5.1. Example: A Puzzle Framework
Listing 8.13. Abstraction for Puzzles Like the "Sliding Blocks Puzzle".
Listing 8.14. Link Node for the Puzzle Solver Framework.
Listing 8.15. Sequential Puzzle Solver.
Listing 8.16. Concurrent Version of Puzzle Solver.
Listing 8.17. Result-bearing Latch Used by ConcurrentPuzzleSolver.
Listing 8.18. Solver that Recognizes when No Solution Exists.
Summary
9. GUI Applications
9.1. Why are GUIs Single-threaded?
9.1.1. Sequential Event Processing
9.1.2. Thread Confinement in Swing
9.2. Short-running GUI Tasks
Figure 9.1. Control Flow of a Simple Button Click.
Listing 9.1. Implementing SwingUtilities Using an Executor.
Listing 9.2. Executor Built Atop SwingUtilities.
Listing 9.3. Simple Event Listener.
Figure 9.2. Control Flow with Separate Model and View Objects.
9.3. Long-running GUI Tasks
Listing 9.4. Binding a Long-running Task to a Visual Component.
Listing 9.5. Long-running Task with User Feedback.
9.3.1. Cancellation
Listing 9.6. Cancelling a Long-running Task.
9.3.2. Progress and Completion Indication
9.3.3. SwingWorker
9.4. Shared Data Models
Listing 9.7. Background Task Class Supporting Cancellation, Completion Notification, and Progress Notification.
Listing 9.8. Initiating a Long-running, Cancellable Task with BackgroundTask.
9.4.1. Thread-safe Data Models
9.4.2. Split Data Models
9.5. Other Forms of Single-threaded Subsystems
Summary
Part III: Liveness, Performance, and Testing
10. Avoiding Liveness Hazards
10.1. Deadlock
10.1.1. Lock-ordering Deadlocks
Figure 10.1. Unlucky Timing in LeftRightDeadlock.
Listing 10.1. Simple Lock-ordering Deadlock. Don't Do this.
10.1.2. Dynamic Lock Order Deadlocks
Listing 10.2. Dynamic Lock-ordering Deadlock. Don't Do this.
Listing 10.3. Inducing a Lock Ordering to Avoid Deadlock.
Listing 10.4. Driver Loop that Induces Deadlock Under Typical Conditions.
10.1.3. Deadlocks Between Cooperating Objects
10.1.4. Open Calls
Listing 10.5. Lock-ordering Deadlock Between Cooperating Objects. Don't Do this.
10.1.5. Resource Deadlocks
Listing 10.6. Using Open Calls to Avoiding Deadlock Between Cooperating Objects.
10.2. Avoiding and Diagnosing Deadlocks
10.2.1. Timed Lock Attempts
10.2.2. Deadlock Analysis with Thread Dumps
Listing 10.7. Portion of Thread Dump After Deadlock.
10.3. Other Liveness Hazards
10.3.1. Starvation
10.3.2. Poor Responsiveness
10.3.3. Livelock
Summary
11. Performance and Scalability
11.1. Thinking about Performance
11.1.1. Performance Versus Scalability
11.1.2. Evaluating Performance Tradeoffs
11.2. Amdahl's Law
Figure 11.1. Maximum Utilization Under Amdahl's Law for Various Serialization Percentages.
Listing 11.1. Serialized Access to a Task Queue.
11.2.1. Example: Serialization Hidden in Frameworks
Figure 11.2. Comparing Queue Implementations.
11.2.2. Applying Amdahl's Law Qualitatively
11.3. Costs Introduced by Threads
11.3.1. Context Switching
Listing 11.2. Synchronization that has No Effect. Don't Do this.
11.3.2. Memory Synchronization
Listing 11.3. Candidate for Lock Elision.
11.3.3. Blocking
11.4. Reducing Lock Contention
11.4.1. Narrowing Lock Scope ("Get in, Get Out")
Listing 11.4. Holding a Lock Longer than Necessary.
Listing 11.5. Reducing Lock Duration.
11.4.2. Reducing Lock Granularity
Listing 11.6. Candidate for Lock Splitting.
Listing 11.7. ServerStatus Refactored to Use Split Locks.
11.4.3. Lock Striping
11.4.4. Avoiding Hot Fields
Listing 11.8. Hash-based Map Using Lock Striping.
11.4.5. Alternatives to Exclusive Locks
11.4.6. Monitoring CPU Utilization
11.4.7. Just Say No to Object Pooling
11.5. Example: Comparing Map Performance
Figure 11.3. Comparing Scalability of Map Implementations.
11.6. Reducing Context Switch Overhead
Summary
12. Testing Concurrent Programs
12.1. Testing for Correctness
Listing 12.1. Bounded Buffer Using Semaphore.
12.1.1. Basic Unit Tests
Listing 12.2. Basic Unit Tests for BoundedBuffer.
12.1.2. Testing Blocking Operations
Listing 12.3. Testing Blocking and Responsiveness to Interruption.
12.1.3. Testing Safety
Listing 12.4. Medium-quality Random Number Generator Suitable for Testing.
Listing 12.5. Producer-consumer Test Program for BoundedBuffer.
Listing 12.6. Producer and Consumer Classes Used in PutTakeTest.
12.1.4. Testing Resource Management
12.1.5. Using Callbacks
Listing 12.7. Testing for Resource Leaks.
Listing 12.8. Thread Factory for Testing ThreadPoolExecutor.
Listing 12.9. Test Method to Verify Thread Pool Expansion.
12.1.6. Generating More Interleavings
Listing 12.10. Using Thread.yield to Generate More Interleavings.
12.2. Testing for Performance
12.2.1. Extending PutTakeTest to Add Timing
Listing 12.11. Barrier-based Timer.
Figure 12.1. TimedPutTakeTest with Various Buffer Capacities.
Listing 12.12. Testing with a Barrier-based Timer.
Listing 12.13. Driver Program - for TimedPutTakeTest.
12.2.2. Comparing Multiple Algorithms
Figure 12.2. Comparing Blocking Queue Implementations.
12.2.3. Measuring Responsiveness
Figure 12.3. Completion Time Histogram for TimedPutTakeTest with Default (Non-fair) and Fair Semaphores.
Figure 12.4. Completion Time Histogram for TimedPutTakeTest with Single-item Buffers.
12.3. Avoiding Performance Testing Pitfalls
12.3.1. Garbage Collection
12.3.2. Dynamic Compilation
Figure 12.5. Results Biased by Dynamic Compilation.
12.3.3. Unrealistic Sampling of Code Paths
12.3.4. Unrealistic Degrees of Contention
12.3.5. Dead Code Elimination
12.4. Complementary Testing Approaches
12.4.1. Code Review
12.4.2. Static Analysis Tools
12.4.3. Aspect-oriented Testing Techniques
12.4.4. Profilers and Monitoring Tools
Summary
Part IV: Advanced Topics
13 - Explicit Locks
13.1. Lock and ReentrantLock
Listing 13.1. Lock Interface.
Listing 13.2. Guarding Object State Using ReentrantLock.
13.1.1. Polled and Timed Lock Acquisition
13.1.2. Interruptible Lock Acquisition
Listing 13.3. Avoiding Lock-ordering Deadlock Using trylock.
Listing 13.4. Locking with a Time Budget.
Listing 13.5. Interruptible Lock Acquisition.
13.1.3. Non-block-structured Locking
13.2. Performance Considerations
Figure 13.1. Intrinsic Locking Versus ReentrantLock Performance on Java 5.0 and Java 6.
13.3. Fairness
Figure 13.2. Fair Versus Non-fair Lock Performance.
13.4. Choosing Between Synchronized and ReentrantLock
13.5. Read-write Locks
Listing 13.6. ReadWriteLock Interface.
Listing 13.7. Wrapping a Map with a Read-write Lock.
Figure 13.3. Read-write Lock Performance.
Summary
14 - Building Custom Synchronizers
14.1. Managing State Dependence
Listing 14.1. Structure of Blocking State-dependent Actions.
14.1.1. Example: Propagating Precondition Failure to Callers
Listing 14.2. Base Class for Bounded Buffer Implementations.
Listing 14.3. Bounded Buffer that Balks When Preconditions are Not Met.
Listing 14.4. Client Logic for Calling GrumpyBoundedBuffer.
14.1.2. Example: Crude Blocking by Polling and Sleeping
Figure 14.1. Thread Oversleeping Because the Condition Became True Just After It Went to Sleep.
Listing 14.5. Bounded Buffer Using Crude Blocking.
14.1.3. Condition Queues to the Rescue
Listing 14.6. Bounded Buffer Using Condition Queues.
14.2. Using Condition Queues
14.2.1. The Condition Predicate
14.2.2. Waking Up Too Soon
Listing 14.7. Canonical Form for State-dependent Methods.
14.2.3. Missed Signals
14.2.4. Notification
Listing 14.8. Using Conditional Notification in BoundedBuffer.put.
14.2.5. Example: A Gate Class
14.2.6. Subclass Safety Issues
Listing 14.9. Recloseable Gate Using Wait and Notifyall.
14.2.7. Encapsulating Condition Queues
14.2.8. Entry and Exit Protocols
14.3. Explicit Condition Objects
Listing 14.10. Condition Interface.
14.4. Anatomy of a Synchronizer
Listing 14.11. Bounded Buffer Using Explicit Condition Variables.
Listing 14.12. Counting Semaphore Implemented Using Lock.
14.5. AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
Listing 14.13. Canonical Forms for Acquisition and Release in AQS.
14.5.1. A Simple Latch
Listing 14.14. Binary Latch Using AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.
14.6. AQS in Java.util.concurrent Synchronizer Classes
14.6.1. ReentrantLock
Listing 14.15. tryAcquire Implementation From Non-fair ReentrantLock.
14.6.2. Semaphore and CountDownLatch
Listing 14.16. tryacquireshared and tryreleaseshared from Semaphore.
14.6.3. FutureTask
14.6.4. ReentrantReadWriteLock
Summary
15. Atomic Variables and Non-blocking Synchronization
15.1. Disadvantages of Locking
15.2. Hardware Support for Concurrency
15.2.1. Compare and Swap
Listing 15.1. Simulated CAS Operation.
15.2.2. A Non-blocking Counter
Listing 15.2. Non-blocking Counter Using CAS.
15.2.3. CAS Support in the JVM
15.3. Atomic Variable Classes
15.3.1. Atomics as "Better Volatiles"
Listing 15.3. Preserving Multivariable Invariants Using CAS.
15.3.2. Performance Comparison: Locks Versus Atomic Variables
Figure 15.1. Lock and AtomicInteger Performance Under High Contention.
Figure 15.2. Lock and AtomicInteger Performance Under Moderate Contention.
Listing 15.4. Random Number Generator Using ReentrantLock.
Listing 15.5. Random Number Generator Using AtomicInteger.
15.4. Non-blocking Algorithms
15.4.1. A Non-blocking Stack
15.4.2. A Non-blocking Linked List
Listing 15.6. Non-blocking Stack Using Treiber's Algorithm (Treiber, 1986).
Figure 15.3. Queue with Two Elements in Quiescent State.
Figure 15.4. Queue in Intermediate State During Insertion.
Figure 15.5. Queue Again in Quiescent State After Insertion is Complete.
Listing 15.7. Insertion in the Michael-Scott Non-blocking Queue Algorithm (Michael and Scott, 1996).
15.4.3. Atomic Field Updaters
Listing 15.8. Using Atomic Field Updaters in ConcurrentLinkedQueue.
15.4.4. The ABA Problem
Summary
16. The Java Memory Model
/16.1. What is a Memory Model, and Why would I Want One?
16.1.1. Platform Memory Models
16.1.2. Reordering
Figure 16.1. Interleaving Showing Reordering in PossibleReordering.
16.1.3. The Java Memory Model in 500 Words or Less
Listing 16.1. Insufficiently Synchronized Program that can have Surprising Results. Don't Do this.
Figure 16.2. Illustration of Happens-before in the Java Memory Model.
16.1.4. Piggybacking on Synchronization
Listing 16.2. Inner Class of FutureTask Illustrating Synchronization Piggybacking.
16.2. Publication
16.2.1. Unsafe Publication
Listing 16.3. Unsafe Lazy Initialization. Don't Do this.
16.2.2. Safe Publication
16.2.3. Safe Initialization Idioms
Listing 16.4. Thread-safe Lazy Initialization.
Listing 16.5. Eager Initialization.
Listing 16.6. Lazy Initialization Holder Class Idiom.
16.2.4. Double-checked Locking
Listing 16.7. Double-checked-locking Anti-pattern. Don't Do this.
Listing 16.8. Initialization Safety for Immutable Objects.
Summary
Appendix A. Annotations for Concurrency
A.1. Class Annotations
A.2. Field and Method Annotations
Bibliography
Word Bookmarks
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iddle4746
iddle4879
ch01lev2sec1
ch01lev2sec2
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iddle1131
iddle2066
iddle2413
iddle2683
iddle3340
iddle3341
iddle4004
iddle4171
iddle4203
ch01lev2sec3
ch01fn01
ch01lev2sec4
iddle1979
iddle1980
iddle2061
iddle2062
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iddle2069
iddle2497
iddle2765
iddle2766
iddle2767
iddle2776
iddle2777
iddle3176
iddle3177
iddle4573
iddle4740
iddle4777
iddle4778
iddle4813
iddle5028
iddle5029
ch01lev2sec5
ch01list01
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iddle1635
iddle1636
iddle1637
iddle1959
iddle2537
iddle2768
iddle2769
iddle3338
iddle4465
iddle4466
ch01fig01
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ch01fn02
iddle1395
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iddle2175
iddle2481
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iddle2622
iddle2703
iddle3415
iddle3416
iddle3544
iddle3545
iddle3776
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iddle3778
iddle4020
iddle4021
iddle4022
iddle4566
iddle4860
iddle48911
iddle4915
ch01fn03
ch01list02
iddle1261
iddle1279
iddle1614
iddle1693
iddle1694
iddle1709
iddle1758
iddle1797
iddle1991
ch01lev2sec6
iddle2074
iddle2075
iddle2616
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iddle3016
iddle3028
iddle3031
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iddle3422
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iddle3543
iddle3907
iddle3908
iddle3974
iddle4087
iddle4227
iddle4372
iddle4759
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iddle4761
iddle4867
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ch01lev2sec7
iddle1180
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iddle2412
iddle2928
iddle4000
iddle4001
iddle4383
iddle4384
iddle4527
iddle4822
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ch01sb02
iddle1107
iddle1108
iddle1111
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iddle1583
iddle1584
iddle2487
iddle2912
iddle2913
iddle3843
iddle3844
iddle4002
iddle4003
iddle4103
iddle4104
iddle4200
iddle4201
iddle4202
iddle4210
iddle4211
iddle4414
iddle4528
ch01fn04
iddle1017
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iddle1019
iddle1254
iddle1451
iddle1452
iddle1453
iddle1531
iddle1532
iddle1639
iddle1640
iddle1652
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iddle2000
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iddle4158
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iddle4533
iddle4534
iddle4535
iddle4729
iddle4959
iddle5011
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iddle5041
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ch02sb01
ch02sb02
ch02fn01
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iddle1676
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iddle1749
iddle1750
iddle1909
iddle1910
iddle2004
iddle2005
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iddle3522
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iddle3638
iddle3889
iddle4338
iddle4385
iddle4386
iddle4395
iddle4396
iddle4481
iddle4482
iddle4732
ch02sb03
ch02fn02
ch02sb04
ch02lev2sec1
ch02list01
iddle1166
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iddle2185
iddle2210
iddle2556
iddle2557
iddle2571
iddle2572
iddle2591
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iddle2608
iddle2719
iddle2720
iddle2779
iddle2780
ch02sb05
iddle4204
iddle4205
iddle4208
iddle4209
iddle4417
iddle4418
iddle4422
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iddle4551
iddle4728
iddle4737
iddle1764
iddle17641
ch02list02
iddle2778
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iddle3794
iddle4366
ch02fn03
ch02lev2sec2
ch02fn04
iddle1331
iddle2126
iddle2736
iddle2737
iddle2946
iddle2947
iddle3712
ch02lev2sec3
ch02list03
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iddle1037
iddle1038
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iddle1149
iddle1240
iddle1241
iddle1330
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iddle1413
iddle1414
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iddle2842
iddle2843
iddle3635
iddle3639
iddle3640
iddle3736
iddle3793
iddle3876
iddle3877
iddle3878
iddle3879
iddle4102
ch02lev2sec4
iddle4988
iddle4989
iddle4990
ch02sb06
ch02list04
iddle2027
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iddle2589
ch02fn05
iddle3156
iddle3157
iddle4207
ch02sb07
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iddle4420
iddle4739
iddle1155
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iddle1871
iddle1872
iddle2209
ch02fn06
iddle2725
iddle2726
ch02list05
iddle2858
iddle2859
iddle3275
iddle3277
iddle1160
iddle2368
ch02sb08
iddle2587
iddle2588
ch02lev2sec5
iddle2721
iddle2722
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iddle2724
iddle2826
iddle2827
iddle2828
iddle2829
iddle2830
iddle2831
iddle3106
iddle3107
iddle3119
iddle3245
iddle3283
iddle3285
iddle4539
iddle4540
iddle4955
ch02list06
iddle2191
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iddle3134
iddle3135
ch02lev2sec6
iddle3715
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iddle3805
iddle3807
iddle3809
iddle4128
iddle1030
ch02fn07
iddle1815
iddle2014
iddle2015
iddle2218
iddle2478
iddle2479
ch02list07
iddle3092
iddle3093
iddle3150
ch02fn08
iddle4172
iddle4173
iddle4174
iddle4402
iddle1095
iddle1178
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iddle1327
ch02sb09
iddle2035
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iddle2364
iddle2475
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iddle2595
iddle2836
iddle3112
iddle3130
iddle3131
ch02fn09
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iddle3368
iddle3595
ch02sb10
iddle3710
iddle3711
iddle4569
ch02fn10
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iddle4941
iddle1427
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iddle2857
iddle3025
iddle3026
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iddle3498
iddle4206
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iddle4738
iddle1474
iddle3531
ch02fig01
iddle4111
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iddle2093
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iddle2566
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ch02sb12
ch02sb13
iddle1031
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iddle3211
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iddle4237
iddle4408
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iddle4548
iddle4560
iddle1141
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iddle1429
iddle1430
iddle5105
iddle5107
ch03list01
iddle1939
iddle2146
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iddle2619
iddle3398
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ch03fn01
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iddle3529
iddle3530
iddle3847
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iddle3850
iddle3851
iddle3852
ch03sb01
iddle4286
iddle4287
iddle4456
iddle1686
iddle1761
iddle2227
iddle2228
iddle2305
iddle2306
ch03lev2sec1
iddle2558
iddle2559
iddle3409
iddle3410
ch03fn02
iddle4364
iddle4561
iddle4730
ch03list02
ch03list03
ch03lev2sec2
iddle1001
iddle1002
iddle1147
iddle1148
iddle1751
iddle1752
iddle2140
iddle2192
ch03fn03
ch03lev2sec3
iddle2839
iddle3161
iddle3300
iddle3374
iddle3375
ch03fig01
ch03sb02
ch03lev2sec4
iddle5104
iddle1832
ch03fn04
iddle2398
ch03fn05
iddle2610
iddle2640
iddle2641
iddle2642
iddle2919
iddle3383
iddle3384
iddle5064
iddle5122
ch03sb03
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iddle4245
iddle4445
iddle4446
iddle4447
iddle4580
ch03fn06
iddle1142
iddle5050
iddle5051
iddle5063
iddle5121
iddle1404
iddle2021
iddle2046
iddle2050
ch03list04
iddle2821
iddle2863
iddle3162
ch03sb04
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iddle3718
iddle3719
iddle3720
iddle3721
iddle4107
iddle4108
iddle4133
iddle5046
iddle5066
iddle5124
iddle1068
iddle1070
ch03list05
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ch03list06
iddle2212
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ch03fn07
iddle1566
iddle1567
iddle1568
iddle2199
iddle2601
iddle2602
ch03lev2sec5
iddle2745
iddle2746
ch03fn08
ch03sb05
iddle4718
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iddle1436
iddle1537
iddle1538
iddle1982
ch03list08
iddle2170
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iddle2293
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iddle4297
iddle4524
iddle4525
iddle1782
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iddle1798
iddle1799
iddle1931
iddle4748
iddle4749
iddle4750
ch03fn09
iddle2395
iddle2905
iddle2906
iddle2907
ch03lev2sec6
iddle3035
iddle3601
ch03fn10
iddle4298
iddle4751
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ch03lev2sec7
iddle5128
iddle1535
iddle1536
iddle2013
ch03list09
iddle2402
iddle2850
iddle3036
iddle3360
iddle3361
iddle3653
iddle3654
iddle3821
iddle3822
ch03lev2sec8
iddle4356
iddle4357
iddle4358
iddle1546
iddle1549
iddle4756
iddle4757
iddle1965
iddle5052
iddle5053
iddle2448
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ch03list10
ch03fn11
iddle1109
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iddle4671
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iddle4849
iddle5062
iddle1983
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iddle2409
iddle2532
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iddle2706
iddle2711
iddle2860
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ch03sb06
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iddle4127
iddle4852
ch03sb07
ch03fn12
iddle2204
iddle2353
iddle2376
iddle2533
iddle2713
ch03list11
iddle1073
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ch03fn13
ch03lev2sec9
iddle1726
iddle1920
iddle1921
iddle4496
iddle4497
iddle2343
iddle2344
iddle2350
iddle2351
iddle5016
iddle2527
iddle2568
iddle2712
iddle2742
ch03sb08
ch03lev2sec10
iddle3352
iddle3485
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iddle3726
iddle3780
iddle3781
ch03fn14
iddle4124
ch03list12
iddle5119
iddle2149
iddle2851
iddle3061
iddle3062
ch03list13
iddle3732
ch03list14
ch03lev2sec11
iddle1569
iddle1570
ch03fn15
iddle5108
iddle2216
ch03list15
ch03fn16
iddle2150
iddle3723
ch03lev2sec12
iddle2709
iddle2718
iddle2740
iddle2741
iddle2896
ch03sb09
iddle3351
ch03lev2sec13
iddle3722
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iddle4034
ch03sb10
iddle4365
ch03lev2sec14
iddle1785
iddle1786
iddle2240
iddle2426
iddle2530
iddle2531
iddle2708
ch03sb11
ch03fn17
iddle2888
iddle3348
ch03lev2sec15
iddle1175
iddle1238
iddle1383
iddle1384
iddle1486
iddle1489
ch03sb12
ch03lev2sec16
iddle1666
iddle1669
iddle1670
iddle1967
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iddle4439
ch03sb13
iddle2354
iddle2477
iddle2569
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iddle3354
iddle1349
iddle1350
iddle1410
iddle3591
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iddle3730
iddle4038
iddle4039
iddle4041
iddle1911
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ch04sb01
iddle2031
iddle4216
iddle4235
iddle4236
iddle4555
iddle4583
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iddle2609
iddle5071
iddle5072
iddle5120
iddle2862
iddle1154
ch04list01
iddle3345
iddle3363
iddle3364
iddle1542
iddle1562
ch04lev2sec1
iddle3592
iddle3636
iddle3637
iddle2104
iddle4412
iddle4413
iddle4503
iddle4504
iddle4505
iddle2714
iddle4563
iddle3142
iddle3143
iddle1150
iddle1237
iddle1437
iddle3890
iddle3891
iddle1727
ch04sb02
iddle1878
iddle1896
iddle1897
iddle4335
iddle4336
ch04lev2sec2
iddle4421
iddle4429
iddle4571
iddle4572
iddle4755
iddle2546
iddle2567
iddle4960
iddle2855
iddle3273
ch04lev2sec3
iddle3376
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iddle3442
iddle3647
iddle4144
iddle1534
iddle4390
iddle4415
iddle4416
iddle2012
iddle2025
iddle5054
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iddle2670
iddle2749
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ch04fn1
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iddle3440
iddle3467
iddle3468
iddle4044
iddle4179
iddle4352
iddle4403
iddle1342
iddle1343
iddle4490
iddle1438
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ch04sb03
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iddle2049
iddle2153
iddle2520
ch04list02
iddle2747
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iddle2957
iddle3059
iddle1842
iddle1843
iddle1946
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iddle1949
iddle2051
iddle2052
iddle4217
iddle2374
iddle2512
iddle2638
iddle2639
iddle4745
ch04sb04
iddle2897
iddle2898
ch04lev2sec4
iddle3056
iddle3244
ch04fn02
iddle3708
iddle3709
ch04list03
iddle1632
iddle1638
iddle2159
ch04lev2sec5
iddle5166
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iddle2491
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iddle2900
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iddle3051
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iddle3129
iddle3227
iddle3289
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iddle1662
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ch04fn03
iddle1940
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ch04fn04
iddle5080
iddle5082
iddle5089
ch04fn05
ch04list04
iddle4734
iddle2139
iddle2141
iddle2154
ch04list05
ch04lev2sec6
ch04list06
ch04list07
iddle4461
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iddle2107
iddle5078
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ch04list08
ch04lev2sec7
iddle1553
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ch04list09
iddle1941
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iddle1335
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ch04lev2sec8
iddle2728
iddle2729
iddle2147
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ch04list10
iddle2856
iddle3886
iddle3274
ch04sb05
iddle4432
iddle4433
iddle2590
iddle5057
iddle5058
iddle5092
iddle2844
ch04lev2sec9
iddle3733
iddle3734
ch04sb06
ch04lev2sec10
iddle4435
ch04list11
iddle5061
iddle5068
iddle5127
iddle1206
iddle1207
ch04fn06
iddle1555
ch04list12
iddle1571
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iddle2011
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iddle3999
ch04list13
iddle4492
ch04lev2sec11
iddle4565
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iddle1346
iddle1356
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ch04list14
iddle2083
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ch04list15
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iddle1984
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iddle2130
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ch04lev2sec12
iddle2645
ch04list16
iddle4187
iddle3066
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ch04fn07
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ch04sb07
iddle1097
iddle4581
iddle4582
iddle1966
iddle2008
iddle2122
iddle2131
iddle5171
iddle2899
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ch04fn08
iddle3490
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ch04lev2sec13
iddle4564
ch04fn09
iddle1333
iddle1334
iddle1361
iddle1377
iddle1381
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iddle1386
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iddle1458
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ch05lev2sec1
iddle2295
ch05list01
iddle2626
iddle1156
iddle2873
iddle2874
iddle3067
iddle1721
iddle3295
iddle3296
iddle3297
ch05fig01
ch05fn01
iddle2875
iddle4542
iddle4544
iddle4545
ch05list02
ch05list03
iddle5073
iddle5075
iddle5169
iddle5170
ch05list04
ch05lev2sec2
iddle1471
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iddle1492
iddle5074
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ch05fn02
iddle2774
iddle2233
iddle2300
iddle2885
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ch05list05
iddle1378
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iddle1661
iddle4060
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iddle1718
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iddle1720
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iddle1935
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iddle2019
iddle2020
iddle2024
ch05lev2sec3
iddle2291
iddle2521
iddle5077
iddle2848
iddle2849
iddle2878
iddle2881
ch05sb01
iddle3118
ch05list06
iddle3499
iddle3500
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iddle1376
iddle1382
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iddle4072
iddle1454
iddle1460
iddle1480
iddle1483
iddle1487
iddle1664
iddle4373
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ch05sb02
iddle4549
iddle4550
iddle2121
iddle2574
iddle1461
iddle1490
iddle1491
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iddle1494
iddle2624
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ch05lev2sec4
iddle1937
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iddle3006
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iddle2879
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iddle4062
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iddle4218
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iddle4333
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ch05fn03
ch05lev2sec5
iddle4474
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iddle4969
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iddle4971
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ch05lev2sec6
iddle5152
iddle2995
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iddle3097
iddle1221
iddle1226
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ch05list07
iddle1439
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ch05sb03
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iddle3622
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iddle4007
iddle4796
iddle4862
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ch05lev2sec7
iddle5156
iddle5157
iddle5158
iddle1121
iddle1390
iddle1391
iddle1543
iddle1544
iddle1705
iddle1706
iddle1840
ch05lev2sec8
iddle2115
iddle2123
iddle2345
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ch05list08
iddle2987
ch05list09
iddle3359
iddle3519
iddle3611
iddle3663
ch05lev2sec9
iddle3731
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ch05list10
iddle4747
iddle1440
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ch05lev2sec10
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iddle1700
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iddle2197
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ch05lev2sec11
iddle3683
iddle3684
iddle2940
ch05list11
iddle4398
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iddle4589
iddle4590
ch05list12
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ch05list13
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ch05lev2sec12
iddle2252
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iddle1039
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ch05fn04
iddle1189
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ch09lev2sec7
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ch10lev2sec1
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ch10lev2sec7
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ch10list07
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iddle3158
iddle3629
ch10lev2sec8
iddle3155
iddle1649
ch10fn05
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ch10sb04
ch10lev2sec9
iddle4460
ch10lev2sec10
iddle4800
iddle4837
iddle4927
iddle2330
iddle2331
iddle2585
iddle2586
iddle4362
iddle4363
iddle2053
iddle2054
iddle2889
iddle1092
ch11fn01
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iddle4768
iddle2283
iddle2284
iddle1253
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iddle1617
iddle1655
iddle1656
iddle3660
iddle3661
ch11fn02
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iddle1917
iddle3011
iddle3012
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ch11lev2sec1
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iddle4131
iddle4132
ch11sb01
iddle1714
iddle1715
iddle4367
iddle4368
iddle4369
iddle4370
iddle4371
iddle3558
iddle3559
iddle3662
iddle3786
iddle3787
iddle3962
iddle3963
iddle3993
iddle3994
iddle4806
iddle4807
ch11lev2sec2
iddle1695
iddle1696
iddle2575
iddle3252
iddle2660
iddle2661
iddle2662
iddle2663
iddle2664
iddle2665
iddle2666
iddle2668
ch11sb02
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iddle1084
iddle1085
iddle1177
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iddle1200
iddle4808
iddle4809
iddle3185
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iddle1826
iddle1827
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ch11sb03
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iddle1892
iddle1893
iddle1894
iddle1895
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iddle1078
iddle1079
iddle1080
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iddle1955
iddle1956
iddle1957
iddle1958
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iddle2453
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iddle2455
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iddle3184
iddle3193
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iddle5037
iddle5038
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iddle3248
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iddle1778
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ch11lev2sec3
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iddle3568
iddle3569
iddle3570
iddle3571
iddle3606
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iddle3705
iddle3742
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iddle3900
iddle3901
iddle3902
iddle3903
iddle3916
iddle3917
iddle3918
iddle4005
iddle4006
iddle4010
iddle4011
iddle4012
ch11lev2sec4
iddle4120
iddle4121
iddle3186
iddle3189
iddle3190
iddle4282
iddle3389
iddle3390
ch11fn03
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iddle1608
iddle1620
iddle3456
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iddle3513
iddle4442
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iddle4452
iddle4453
iddle4454
iddle4455
iddle2220
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iddle3694
iddle2410
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iddle4668
iddle4669
iddle4687
iddle4688
iddle4689
iddle4690
iddle4691
iddle4692
ch11lev2sec5
iddle3939
iddle3940
iddle1611
iddle1612
iddle2579
iddle1692
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iddle4938
iddle4945
iddle4180
iddle4181
iddle4185
iddle4186
ch11list02
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iddle5110
iddle1088
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iddle2472
iddle1195
iddle1212
iddle1281
iddle1282
ch11lev2sec6
iddle4652
iddle4653
iddle1604
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iddle3987
iddle2467
iddle2468
iddle4951
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iddle4229
iddle4230
iddle5030
iddle5031
iddle5032
iddle5033
iddle3762
iddle3763
ch11fn04
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ch11fn05
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iddle4079
ch11sb05
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iddle3152
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ch11fn06
ch11lev2sec7
iddle1227
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iddle1996
iddle4082
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iddle4178
iddle4182
ch11sb06
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iddle2925
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iddle4873
ch11fn07
ch11sb07
ch11lev2sec8
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iddle3207
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iddle2561
ch11fn08
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ch11list05
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iddle4579
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iddle5007
iddle5112
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iddle3292
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iddle2469
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iddle1748
iddle4510
iddle4511
ch11fn10
ch11fn11
iddle2730
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ch11lev2sec11
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iddle2177
ch11list08
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iddle3148
iddle2340
iddle2341
iddle5142
iddle2629
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iddle2654
iddle2655
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iddle2837
ch11fn12
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ch11lev2sec12
iddle3114
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iddle3151
iddle3154
iddle4735
iddle2186
iddle1090
iddle1091
iddle2342
ch11lev2sec13
iddle4348
iddle4350
iddle4434
iddle2466
iddle4473
iddle3803
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iddle2657
iddle1591
iddle1713
iddle4068
iddle1074
iddle1075
iddle5059
iddle3094
iddle3095
ch11lev2sec14
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ch11fn13
iddle3259
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ch11fn14
iddle4499
iddle4500
iddle1473
iddle3526
iddle3797
ch11fn15
ch11sb08
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iddle1072
iddle4075
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iddle3078
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iddle1481
ch11fig03
iddle3187
iddle3251
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iddle3692
iddle3693
ch11fn16
iddle1615
iddle1616
iddle1618
iddle4064
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iddle2502
iddle3527
iddle2625
iddle3607
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iddle3610
iddle4770
iddle4076
iddle3180
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iddle4944
iddle4949
iddle4950
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iddle2675
iddle5111
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iddle2615
ch12fn01
iddle1678
iddle4063
iddle1211
iddle1266
iddle1268
iddle1272
iddle5113
iddle4536
iddle1677
ch12fn02
iddle1702
iddle2310
iddle2311
ch12list01
iddle3414
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iddle3462
iddle4188
iddle4189
iddle2632
ch12lev2sec1
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iddle1218
iddle1219
iddle1269
ch12lev2sec2
iddle4190
ch12fn03
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iddle1899
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iddle3673
iddle3029
iddle3030
iddle2089
iddle4047
ch12list03
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ch12lev2sec3
ch12sb01
iddle2845
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iddle4709
iddle4714
iddle4140
iddle4141
iddle4151
iddle1340
iddle1341
iddle2800
ch12fn04
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iddle4700
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iddle4708
iddle4712
iddle3882
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iddle4868
iddle5010
iddle4170
iddle2573
iddle1743
ch12sb02
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iddle2161
ch12list06
iddle5008
iddle5009
ch12lev2sec4
iddle2600
iddle3688
iddle4723
iddle4724
iddle3401
iddle3402
iddle1293
iddle1294
ch12fn05
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ch12lev2sec5
ch12list07
iddle1986
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iddle2160
ch12list09
iddle4713
iddle4717
ch12lev2sec6
iddle1101
iddle1102
iddle2631
iddle2846
ch12list10
iddle2084
iddle2951
iddle2952
iddle2198
iddle1193
iddle3198
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iddle4679
ch12lev2sec7
iddle3342
iddle3343
iddle4789
iddle4790
ch12list11
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iddle2757
iddle1744
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iddle1247
iddle3914
iddle3915
iddle1264
iddle1265
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iddle1271
iddle3927
iddle2162
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ch12list12
iddle1123
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iddle2771
iddle1712
ch12list13
iddle2417
iddle2418
iddle2890
ch12lev2sec8
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iddle1586
ch12fn06
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iddle4680
iddle2205
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ch12fig02
ch12lev2sec9
iddle4942
iddle1973
iddle1974
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iddle1403
ch12fig03
iddle3538
ch12fig04
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iddle4798
ch12lev2sec10
iddle3471
ch12lev2sec11
iddle2988
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iddle3687
iddle2473
iddle2474
ch12fn07
ch12fig05
iddle1392
iddle1393
iddle1394
iddle2324
iddle2325
iddle4086
iddle4695
iddle4696
iddle4699
iddle4701
ch12lev2sec12
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iddle4913
iddle4310
iddle4311
iddle3188
ch12fn08
iddle5021
iddle5022
iddle1976
iddle1977
iddle1434
iddle1435
iddle4056
iddle4057
iddle2441
iddle2442
iddle1609
iddle1610
ch12lev2sec13
iddle3649
iddle3744
iddle3745
iddle4870
iddle4871
iddle3308
iddle3309
iddle4498
iddle3957
iddle2658
iddle2659
ch12lev2sec14
iddle4686
iddle1787
iddle1788
iddle3539
ch12sb03
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iddle4154
iddle4155
iddle4156
iddle4614
iddle2914
iddle4901
iddle4902
iddle5069
iddle5070
iddle3256
ch12lev2sec15
iddle3380
iddle3381
iddle3382
iddle1273
iddle1274
iddle1275
iddle1276
iddle1277
ch12lev2sec16
iddle1369
iddle1370
ch12fn09
iddle4702
iddle4703
iddle4706
iddle2598
iddle2599
iddle4705
iddle4899
iddle4900
iddle1572
iddle1573
iddle2363
ch12lev2sec17
iddle1103
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iddle4711
ch12lev2sec18
iddle4839
iddle4840
iddle1970
iddle4986
iddle3743
iddle4704
iddle1034
ch13list01
iddle1365
iddle3840
iddle3088
iddle3089
iddle3159
iddle3160
iddle1754
iddle3324
iddle3325
iddle4715
ch13fn01
ch13list02
ch13lev2sec1
iddle4441
iddle1302
iddle2281
iddle1318
iddle4556
iddle4557
iddle2359
iddle2360
iddle3254
iddle3255
iddle1448
ch13lev2sec2
iddle2361
iddle2365
ch13list03
iddle4953
iddle1812
iddle1813
iddle3695
iddle2834
iddle3039
iddle3040
ch13list04
iddle3099
iddle3110
iddle3210
iddle3286
ch13list05
ch13lev2sec3
iddle4344
iddle1303
iddle3136
iddle3140
iddle5136
iddle3810
iddle3815
iddle2804
iddle1449
ch13fn02
ch13fig01
iddle4847
iddle4848
iddle3052
iddle3055
iddle3058
iddle1587
iddle1588
iddle3098
iddle4947
iddle4948
iddle3808
iddle4952
iddle3838
ch13fn03
iddle4225
iddle1184
iddle1185
iddle1186
ch13sb01
iddle5143
ch13fn04
iddle4129
iddle3605
iddle4570
iddle3670
iddle3671
ch13fn05
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ch13fig02
iddle2611
iddle4175
iddle5106
iddle3120
iddle2838
iddle2322
iddle2323
iddle2328
ch13sb02
iddle3084
iddle3104
iddle3115
iddle3138
iddle3139
iddle4685
iddle4906
iddle1834
iddle1835
iddle3521
iddle4984
iddle1368
iddle3137
iddle1478
ch13list06
iddle3813
iddle3814
iddle3836
iddle3837
iddle4157
iddle4069
iddle4070
iddle1187
iddle2543
iddle1997
iddle2833
ch13fn06
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iddle4985
iddle3109
ch13fn07
ch13list07
iddle1971
iddle1972
ch13fig03
iddle2920
iddle2329
iddle3072
iddle3091
iddle1228
iddle3132
iddle3261
iddle4982
iddle4983
iddle3385
iddle2167
iddle3520
iddle1122
ch14list01
iddle1232
iddle1244
iddle1245
iddle1262
iddle1263
iddle3795
iddle3796
iddle1873
iddle18731
iddle1874
iddle1875
iddle1876
iddle1877
iddle3133
iddle3141
ch14lev2sec1
iddle4769
ch14fn01
ch14list02
iddle1987
ch14list03
iddle3806
iddle3820
iddle3839
iddle2117
ch14list04
iddle2224
ch14fn02
iddle2312
iddle2313
iddle2314
iddle4130
iddle1229
iddle1230
iddle1278
ch14lev2sec2
ch14lev2sec3
iddle2081
iddle2118
ch14fn03
ch14fn04
iddle1716
ch14fig01
ch14list05
iddle3645
iddle3646
iddle3105
iddle5019
iddle5020
iddle2181
iddle1231
iddle3642
iddle3643
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iddle3682
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iddle15051
iddle1371
iddle1372
iddle1373
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iddle4388
iddle4389
iddle4391
iddle4393
iddle1503
iddle1507
iddle3403
iddle3404
ch14fn05
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iddle1613
ch14list06
iddle4594
iddle1879
iddle1711
ch14fn06
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iddle1888
iddle1889
iddle2182
ch14lev2sec4
iddle2087
ch14sb01
iddle1509
iddle2326
iddle2327
iddle3602
iddle3603
iddle1499
iddle1500
iddle15001
iddle1501
iddle1512
iddle1513
iddle2623
ch14sb02
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ch14lev2sec5
iddle2824
iddle2835
iddle2088
ch14fn07
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iddle1902
ch14fn08
iddle3001
iddle4320
iddle4321
iddle4322
iddle4343
iddle3111
iddle1517
ch14fn09
ch14list07
iddle3396
ch14sb03
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iddle2508
iddle2509
ch14lev2sec6
iddle3757
iddle3759
ch14fn10
ch14lev2sec7
iddle1514
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iddle5132
ch14sb04
iddle3330
iddle4392
iddle3163
iddle3164
iddle2510
iddle4212
ch14sb05
iddle3772
iddle3641
iddle1519
iddle1520
iddle2511
ch14list08
iddle4964
ch14lev2sec8
iddle2637
iddle5140
iddle1202
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iddle4430
iddle4431
ch14lev2sec9
iddle1450
iddle1521
iddle1522
ch14list09
iddle3213
iddle3214
iddle2555
iddle1962
iddle3215
ch14lev2sec10
iddle5055
iddle5056
iddle3310
iddle3311
iddle3312
iddle3313
iddle3314
iddle3315
iddle3316
iddle3317
iddle3318
iddle3331
iddle3332
iddle3336
iddle3337
iddle1118
iddle5133
iddle5134
ch14lev2sec11
iddle1362
iddle2397
iddle2447
iddle1496
iddle1988
iddle1506
iddle1508
iddle1510
iddle1511
iddle3321
iddle3322
iddle3328
iddle3329
iddle3335
iddle2201
iddle3397
iddle4436
iddle5139
iddle5151
iddle3510
ch14list10
iddle1900
iddle2938
iddle2942
iddle2017
iddle2037
iddle2038
ch14sb06
iddle1495
iddle1515
iddle1516
iddle1016
iddle1104
iddle1105
iddle1106
iddle1116
iddle2279
iddle2280
iddle3323
iddle3333
iddle3334
ch14fn11
iddle1789
iddle1790
iddle5135
iddle4290
iddle4291
iddle1497
iddle1498
iddle1502
iddle1595
iddle1619
iddle3799
ch14fn12
iddle2825
ch14list11
iddle4045
iddle3068
iddle2506
iddle2507
ch14list12
iddle2101
iddle2102
iddle3346
iddle3347
iddle2798
iddle1117
iddle4506
iddle4507
iddle2403
iddle2404
iddle2405
iddle2406
iddle2407
iddle3041
iddle3706
iddle3707
iddle3760
iddle1600
iddle1601
iddle1703
ch14list13
iddle3077
iddle2174
ch14lev2sec12
iddle1504
ch14list14
iddle1203
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iddle5048
iddle5049
iddle5100
iddle5101
iddle4143
ch14fn13
iddle4192
iddle4193
ch14lev2sec13
iddle4278
iddle4279
iddle3049
iddle3050
iddle3063
iddle3064
ch14fn14
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iddle4896
iddle2148
iddle4591
ch14list15
iddle5137
iddle5138
iddle5141
ch14lev2sec14
iddle1858
iddle1859
iddle1989
iddle3834
iddle3835
ch14list16
ch14lev2sec15
iddle1698
iddle4088
iddle4089
ch14lev2sec16
iddle4152
iddle2939
ch14fn15
iddle4404
iddle4405
iddle4592
iddle4593
iddle1022
iddle1023
iddle1054
iddle1058
iddle1137
iddle1170
iddle1174
iddle1324
iddle1484
iddle2431
ch15fn01
iddle1755
iddle3811
iddle3812
iddle1800
ch15fn02
iddle1589
iddle1590
iddle2470
iddle1321
ch15lev2sec1
iddle1389
iddle4137
iddle1605
iddle1606
iddle2918
iddle3818
iddle3819
ch15fn03
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ch15list01
iddle3024
iddle3087
iddle3121
ch15lev2sec2
iddle3301
iddle3305
iddle3377
iddle3378
iddle3379
iddle2917
iddle3394
iddle3395
ch15fn04
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iddle3428
iddle3429
ch15list02
iddle3533
iddle3534
iddle3535
iddle2617
ch15fn05
iddle1139
iddle1143
iddle1169
ch15lev2sec3
iddle4083
iddle4084
iddle4085
iddle2178
iddle3657
iddle3658
iddle3691
iddle1322
iddle2377
iddle3096
iddle1602
iddle1603
iddle2095
iddle1127
iddle1168
iddle1172
iddle1173
iddle1332
ch15lev2sec4
iddle4512
iddle1523
iddle1524
iddle5045
iddle5065
iddle5123
ch15list03
iddle2332
iddle2333
iddle3307
iddle4827
ch15lev2sec5
iddle1140
ch15fig01
ch15fig02
iddle5126
ch15list04
iddle1171
ch15list05
iddle4513
iddle3515
iddle1052
iddle1055
iddle1056
ch15fn06
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iddle1323
iddle1325
iddle2853
iddle2854
iddle2096
ch15lev2sec6
iddle2076
iddle2077
iddle1801
iddle2168
iddle3271
iddle3272
iddle4105
iddle4106
iddle3655
iddle3656
ch15lev2sec7
iddle1053
iddle1064
iddle1065
iddle4552
iddle4553
iddle3060
ch15list06
iddle4122
iddle3487
iddle3488
iddle3507
iddle5042
iddle5043
ch15fig03
iddle3165
ch15fig04
ch15fig05
iddle3788
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iddle3302
iddle3303
ch15fn07
iddle3816
iddle3508
iddle2100
iddle3659
iddle5047
iddle5067
ch15list07
iddle5125
iddle2992
iddle1157
iddle1176
ch15lev2sec8
iddle1485
ch15list08
iddle2991
iddle1003
ch15lev2sec9
iddle5044
iddle4869
iddle3212
iddle2129
ch15fn08
ch15fn09
iddle2338
iddle2339
iddle4359
iddle1014
iddle1015
iddle1196
ch16lev2sec1
iddle1040
ch16lev2sec2
iddle3823
iddle3824
iddle4973
ch16list01
ch16fig01
ch16fn01
ch16lev2sec3
ch16fn02
iddle2892
iddle2893
iddle2894
iddle2895
iddle2908
iddle2620
ch16sb01
iddle3202
iddle3216
iddle3217
iddle3218
iddle3219
iddle3224
iddle3230
ch16fn03
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ch16fn04
iddle5015
iddle5090
iddle5091
ch16fig02
iddle3195
iddle3200
iddle3201
iddle3205
ch16lev2sec4
iddle1119
iddle1120
iddle3222
iddle3223
iddle3263
iddle3264
iddle2155
iddle1675
iddle1763
iddle2775
ch16list02
iddle4135
iddle4224
iddle2612
iddle2613
iddle3203
iddle3204
iddle4160
iddle4233
iddle4234
ch16lev2sec5
iddle2396
ch16list03
iddle3856
iddle3411
iddle3412
iddle2190
iddle3460
iddle3463
iddle5155
iddle2614
ch16sb02
ch16lev2sec6
iddle3417
iddle3418
iddle5102
iddle5103
ch16fn05
ch16lev2sec7
iddle3413
iddle2211
iddle3464
ch16list04
iddle3554
ch16list05
iddle4013
ch16list06
ch16lev2sec8
iddle1047
iddle1048
iddle1049
iddle2739
iddle4547
iddle2949
iddle3553
iddle2529
iddle1990
ch16list07
iddle3735
iddle2699
iddle2743
iddle4562
ch16sb03
iddle2901
ch16fn06
iddle1943
iddle1944
iddle1945
iddle1968
ch16list08
iddle2696
ch16sb04
iddle1969
iddle1093
iddle1098
iddle1099
iddle1100
biblio01_001
iddle2112
biblio01_002
iddle3727
biblio01_003
biblio01_004
iddle2687
iddle2688
iddle2689
iddle2690
iddle2691
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Java Concurrency
In Practice
Brian Göetz
Tim Peierls
Joshua Bloch
Joseph Bowbeer
David Holmes
Doug Lea
Addison‐Wesley Professional
ISBN‐10: 0‐321‐34960‐1
ISBN‐13: 978‐0‐321‐34960‐6
ii
Java Concurrency In Practice
Index
Index
Preface
How to Use this Book
Code Examples
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1. A (Very) Brief History of Concurrency
1.2. Benefits of Threads
1.2.1. Exploiting Multiple Processors
1.2.2. Simplicity of Modeling
1.2.3. Simplified Handling of Asynchronous Events
1.2.4. More Responsive User Interfaces
1.3. Risks of Threads
1.3.1. Safety Hazards
1.3.2. Liveness Hazards
1.3.3. Performance Hazards
1.4. Threads are Everywhere
Part I: Fundamentals
Chapter 2. Thread Safety
2.1. What is Thread Safety?
2.2. Atomicity
2.3. Locking
2.4. Guarding State with Locks
2.5. Liveness and Performance
Chapter 3. Sharing Objects
3.1. Visibility
3.2. Publication and Escape
3.3. Thread Confinement
3.4. Immutability
3.5. Safe Publication
Chapter 4. Composing Objects
4.1. Designing a Thread‐safe Class
4.2. Instance Confinement
4.3. Delegating Thread Safety
4.4. Adding Functionality to Existing Thread‐safe Classes
4.5. Documenting Synchronization Policies
Chapter 5. Building Blocks
5.1. Synchronized Collections
5.2. Concurrent Collections
5.3. Blocking Queues and the Producer‐consumer Pattern
5.4. Blocking and Interruptible Methods
5.5. Synchronizers
5.6. Building an Efficient, Scalable Result Cache
Summary of Part I
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Part II: Structuring Concurrent Applications
Chapter 6. Task Execution
6.1. Executing Tasks in Threads
6.2. The Executor Framework
6.3. Finding Exploitable Parallelism
Summary
Chapter 7. Cancellation and Shutdown
7.1. Task Cancellation
7.2. Stopping a Thread‐based Service
7.3. Handling Abnormal Thread Termination
7.4. JVM Shutdown
Summary
Chapter 8. Applying Thread Pools
8.1. Implicit Couplings Between Tasks and Execution Policies
8.2. Sizing Thread Pools
8.3. Configuring ThreadPoolExecutor
8.4. Extending ThreadPoolExecutor
8.5. Parallelizing Recursive Algorithms
Summary
Chapter 9. GUI Applications
9.1. Why are GUIs Single‐threaded?
9.2. Short‐running GUI Tasks
9.3. Long‐running GUI Tasks
9.4. Shared Data Models
9.5. Other Forms of Single‐threaded Subsystems
Summary
Part III: Liveness, Performance, and Testing
Chapter 10. Avoiding Liveness Hazards
10.1. Deadlock
10.2. Avoiding and Diagnosing Deadlocks
10.3. Other Liveness Hazards
Summary
Chapter 11. Performance and Scalability
11.1. Thinking about Performance
11.2. Amdahl's Law
11.3. Costs Introduced by Threads
11.4. Reducing Lock Contention
11.5. Example: Comparing Map Performance
11.6. Reducing Context Switch Overhead
Summary
Chapter 12. Testing Concurrent Programs
12.1. Testing for Correctness
12.2. Testing for Performance
12.3. Avoiding Performance Testing Pitfalls
12.4. Complementary Testing Approaches
Summary
Part IV: Advanced Topics
Chapter 13 - Explicit Locks
13.1. Lock and ReentrantLock
13.2. Performance Considerations
13.3. Fairness
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Java Concurrency In Practice
13.4. Choosing Between Synchronized and ReentrantLock
13.5. Read‐write Locks
Summary
Chapter 14 - Building Custom Synchronizers
14.1. Managing State Dependence
14.2. Using Condition Queues
14.3. Explicit Condition Objects
14.4. Anatomy of a Synchronizer
14.5. AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
14.6. AQS in Java.util.concurrent Synchronizer Classes
Summary
Chapter 15. Atomic Variables and Non-blocking Synchronization
15.1. Disadvantages of Locking
15.2. Hardware Support for Concurrency
15.3. Atomic Variable Classes
15.4. Non‐blocking Algorithms
Summary
Chapter 16. The Java Memory Model
16.1. What is a Memory Model, and Why would I Want One?
16.2. Publication
Summary
Appendix A. Annotations for Concurrency
A.1. Class Annotations
A.2. Field and Method Annotations
Bibliography
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1BListing and Image Index
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Listing and Image Index
Preface
Listing 1. Bad Way to Sort a List. Don't Do this.
Listing 2. Less than Optimal Way to Sort a List.
Chapter 1. Introduction
Listing 1.1. Non‐thread‐safe Sequence Generator.
Figure 1.1. Unlucky Execution of UnsafeSequence.Nextvalue.
Listing 1.2. Thread‐safe Sequence Generator.
Chapter 2. Thread Safety
Listing 2.1. A Stateless Servlet.
Listing 2.2. Servlet that Counts Requests without the Necessary Synchronization. Don't Do this.
Listing 2.3. Race Condition in Lazy Initialization. Don't Do this.
Listing 2.4. Servlet that Counts Requests Using AtomicLong.
Listing 2.5. Servlet that Attempts to Cache its Last Result without Adequate Atomicity. Don't Do this.
Listing 2.6. Servlet that Caches Last Result, But with Unacceptably Poor Concurrency. Don't Do this.
Listing 2.7. Code that would Deadlock if Intrinsic Locks were Not Reentrant.
Figure 2.1. Poor Concurrency of SynchronizedFactorizer.
Listing 2.8. Servlet that Caches its Last Request and Result.
Chapter 3. Sharing Objects
Listing 3.1. Sharing Variables without Synchronization. Don't Do this.
Listing 3.2. Non‐thread‐safe Mutable Integer Holder.
Listing 3.3. Thread‐safe Mutable Integer Holder.
Figure 3.1. Visibility Guarantees for Synchronization.
Listing 3.4. Counting Sheep.
Listing 3.5. Publishing an Object.
Listing 3.6. Allowing Internal Mutable State to Escape. Don't Do this.
Listing 3.7. Implicitly Allowing the this Reference to Escape. Don't Do this.
Listing 3.8. Using a Factory Method to Prevent the this Reference from Escaping During Construction.
Listing 3.9. Thread Confinement of Local Primitive and Reference Variables.
Listing 3.10. Using ThreadLocal to Ensure thread Confinement.
Listing 3.11. Immutable Class Built Out of Mutable Underlying Objects.
Listing 3.12. Immutable Holder for Caching a Number and its Factors.
Listing 3.13. Caching the Last Result Using a Volatile Reference to an Immutable Holder Object.
Listing 3.14. Publishing an Object without Adequate Synchronization. Don't Do this.
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Java Concurrency In Practice
Listing 3.15. Class at Risk of Failure if Not Properly Published.
Chapter 4. Composing Objects
Listing 4.1. Simple Thread‐safe Counter Using the Java Monitor Pattern.
Listing 4.2. Using Confinement to Ensure Thread Safety.
Listing 4.3. Guarding State with a Private Lock.
Listing 4.4. Monitor‐based Vehicle Tracker Implementation.
Listing 4.5. Mutable Point Class Similar to Java.awt.Point.
Listing 4.6. Immutable Point class used by DelegatingVehicleTracker.
Listing 4.7. Delegating Thread Safety to a ConcurrentHashMap.
Listing 4.8. Returning a Static Copy of the Location Set Instead of a "Live" One.
Listing 4.9. Delegating Thread Safety to Multiple Underlying State Variables.
Listing 4.10. Number Range Class that does Not Sufficiently Protect Its Invariants. Don't Do this.
Listing 4.11. Thread‐safe Mutable Point Class.
Listing 4.12. Vehicle Tracker that Safely Publishes Underlying State.
Listing 4.13. Extending Vector to have a Put‐if‐absent Method.
Listing 4.14. Non‐thread‐safe Attempt to Implement Put‐if‐absent. Don't Do this.
Listing 4.15. Implementing Put‐if‐absent with Client‐side Locking.
Listing 4.16. Implementing Put‐if‐absent Using Composition.
Chapter 5. Building Blocks
Listing 5.1. Compound Actions on a Vector that may Produce Confusing Results.
Figure 5.1. Interleaving of Getlast and Deletelast that throws
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
Listing 5.2. Compound Actions on Vector Using Client‐side Locking.
Listing 5.3. Iteration that may Throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
Listing 5.4. Iteration with Client‐side Locking.
Listing 5.5. Iterating a List with an Iterator.
Listing 5.6. Iteration Hidden within String Concatenation. Don't Do this.
Listing 5.7. ConcurrentMap Interface.
Listing 5.8. Producer and Consumer Tasks in a Desktop Search Application.
Listing 5.9. Starting the Desktop Search.
Listing 5.10. Restoring the Interrupted Status so as Not to Swallow the Interrupt.
Listing 5.11. Using CountDownLatch for Starting and Stopping Threads in Timing Tests.
Listing 5.12. Using FutureTask to Preload Data that is Needed Later.
Listing 5.13. Coercing an Unchecked Throwable to a RuntimeException.
Listing 5.14. Using Semaphore to Bound a Collection.
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1BListing and Image Index
vii
Listing 5.15. Coordinating Computation in a Cellular Automaton with
Listing 5.16. Initial Cache Attempt Using HashMap and Synchronization.
Figure 5.2. Poor Concurrency of
Figure 5.3. Two Threads Computing the Same Value When Using
Listing 5.17. Replacing HashMap with ConcurrentHashMap.
Figure 5.4. Unlucky Timing that could Cause Memorizer3 to Calculate the Same Value Twice.
Listing 5.18. Memorizing Wrapper Using FutureTask.
Listing 5.19. Final Implementation of Memorizer.
Listing 5.20. Factorizing Servlet that Caches Results Using Memorizer.
Chapter 6. Task Execution
Listing 6.1. Sequential Web Server.
Listing 6.2. Web Server that Starts a New Thread for Each Request.
Listing 6.3. Executor Interface.
Listing 6.4. Web Server Using a Thread Pool.
Listing 6.5. Executor that Starts a New Thread for Each Task.
Listing 6.6. Executor that Executes Tasks Synchronously in the Calling Thread.
Listing 6.7. Lifecycle Methods in ExecutorService.
Listing 6.8. Web Server with Shutdown Support.
Listing 6.9. Class Illustrating Confusing Timer Behavior.
Listing 6.10. Rendering Page Elements Sequentially.
Listing 6.11. Callable and Future Interfaces.
Listing 6.12. Default Implementation of newTaskFor in ThreadPoolExecutor.
Listing 6.13. Waiting for Image Download with Future.
Listing 6.14. QueueingFuture Class Used By ExecutorCompletionService.
Listing 6.15. Using CompletionService to Render Page Elements as they Become Available.
Listing 6.16. Fetching an Advertisement with a Time Budget.
Listing 6.17. Requesting Travel Quotes Under a Time Budget.
Chapter 7. Cancellation and Shutdown
Listing 7.1. Using a Volatile Field to Hold Cancellation State.
Listing 7.2. Generating a Second's Worth of Prime Numbers.
Listing 7.3. Unreliable Cancellation that can Leave Producers Stuck in a Blocking Operation. Don't Do this.
Listing 7.4. Interruption Methods in Thread.
Listing 7.5. Using Interruption for Cancellation.
Listing 7.6. Propagating InterruptedException to Callers.
Listing 7.7. Non‐cancelable Task that Restores Interruption Before Exit.
Listing 7.8. Scheduling an Interrupt on a Borrowed Thread. Don't Do this.
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Java Concurrency In Practice
Listing 7.9. Interrupting a Task in a Dedicated Thread.
Listing 7.10. Cancelling a Task Using Future.
Listing 7.11. Encapsulating Nonstandard Cancellation in a Thread by Overriding Interrupt.
Listing 7.12. Encapsulating Nonstandard Cancellation in a Task with Newtaskfor.
Listing 7.13. Producer‐Consumer Logging Service with No Shutdown Support.
Listing 7.14. Unreliable Way to Add Shutdown Support to the Logging Service.
Listing 7.15. Adding Reliable Cancellation to LogWriter.
Listing 7.16. Logging Service that Uses an ExecutorService.
Listing 7.17. Shutdown with Poison Pill.
Listing 7.18. Producer Thread for IndexingService.
Listing 7.19. Consumer Thread for IndexingService.
Listing 7.20. Using a Private Executor Whose Lifetime is Bounded by a Method Call.
Listing 7.21. ExecutorService that Keeps Track of Cancelled Tasks After Shutdown.
Listing 7.22. Using TRackingExecutorService to Save Unfinished Tasks for Later Execution.
Listing 7.23. Typical Thread‐pool Worker Thread Structure.
Listing 7.24. UncaughtExceptionHandler Interface.
Listing 7.25. UncaughtExceptionHandler that Logs the Exception.
Listing 7.26. Registering a Shutdown Hook to Stop the Logging Service.
Chapter 8. Applying Thread Pools
Listing 8.1. Task that Deadlocks in a Single‐threaded Executor. Don't Do this.
Listing 8.2. General Constructor for ThreadPoolExecutor.
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Listing 8.3. Creating a Fixed‐sized Thread Pool with a Bounded Queue and the Caller‐runs Saturation Policy. 109
Listing 8.4. Using a Semaphore to Throttle Task Submission.
Listing 8.5. ThreadFactory Interface.
Listing 8.6. Custom Thread Factory.
Listing 8.7. Custom Thread Base Class.
Listing 8.8. Modifying an Executor Created with the Standard Factories.
Listing 8.9. Thread Pool Extended with Logging and Timing.
Listing 8.10. Transforming Sequential Execution into Parallel Execution.
Listing 8.11. Transforming Sequential Tail‐recursion into Parallelized Recursion.
Listing 8.12. Waiting for Results to be Calculated in Parallel.
Listing 8.13. Abstraction for Puzzles Like the "Sliding Blocks Puzzle".
Listing 8.14. Link Node for the Puzzle Solver Framework.
Listing 8.15. Sequential Puzzle Solver.
Listing 8.16. Concurrent Version of Puzzle Solver.
Listing 8.17. Result‐bearing Latch Used by ConcurrentPuzzleSolver.
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